<p>The 5th District Appellate Court is located in Mount Vernon, Illinois, an incorporated town in Jefferson County. The building was originally constructed for the southern division of the Illinois Supreme Court, which was created by the 1848 Illinois constitution. Construction on the Greek Revival building began in 1854. Illinois&#39; 1870 constitution established appellate courts, and this building then shared space with the fourth district until 1897 when all supreme court sessions moved to Springfield. The building presently houses the 5th District Appellate Court.</p><br>
<p>This building has been on the National Register of Historic Places since July 2, 1973. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Jefferson County; the other, in the village of Belle Rive, is the C. H. Judd House.</p><br>
<p>The Aaron G. Cloud House, now the McCoy Memorial Library, is a historic house in McLeansboro, Illinois, which is now used as the city&#39;s public library. The house was built in 1884 for Aaron G. Cloud, the founder of the Cloud State Bank; it has served as a library since 1922. The Reid Brothers, an architectural firm from Evansville, Indiana, designed the home. The red brick house features a central tower with a pyramidal roof atop the front entrance, a semicircular bay on the front facade, and an entrance porch spanning three bays of the building. The house includes Eastlake Style ornamentation throughout its design. The house includes nine interior fireplaces; the four fireplaces on the first floor are surrounded by decorative wood and tiles.</p><br>
<p>The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Paxton Water Tower and Pump House are a historic water tower and pump house located at 145 S. Market St. in Paxton, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were built in 1887 to provide a steady water supply to Paxton. Prior to their construction, Paxton had considerable difficulty with its water supply; a fire which destroyed much of the citys downtown in 1870 had been exacerbated by the fire departments low water supply, and an artesian well project started in 1872 was unsuccessful. The new water tower and pump house were the first in a series of infrastructure improvements which spurred the economic development of Paxton. The two buildings were built with brick. The octagonal water tower is 80 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1984. It is one of four sites on the National Register in Paxton and one of five in Ford County.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred Phillips House is a historic house located at 404 N. Melvin St. in Gibson City, Illinois. The 1903 Queen Anne house was designed by Bloomington architect George H. Miller. The front of the house features a Classical porch supported by Doric columns, which was rebuilt in 1997. A large gable on the front facade is decorated with diamond-patterned wood shingles. The roof is composed of two hips and four cross gables, including the one in front. Alfred Phillips, the house&#39;s first owner, was a local farmer and livestock salesman.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1999. It is one of five sites on the National Register in Ford County and the only one in the county outside of Paxton, the county seat.</p><br>
<p>The Floyd and Glenora Dycus House is a historic house located at 305 S. Second St. in Brownstown, Illinois. The house was built in 1926 for Floyd and Glenora Dycus. Floyd Dycus was a prominent businessman in Brownstown; his businesses included a moving company, a dairy business, and a restaurant and truck stop on USA Route 40. Floyd also served as Brownstown&#39;s village president from 1929 to 1935. The house was built by carpenters Andrew and Charles Reeter from plans drawn by Glenora Dycus; it was designed in the Craftsman style. The entrance to the house is in a full-length front porch supported by tapered columns. The house has an intersecting roof pattern which features a half-hipped component protruding from a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The Dycus House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 2, 2001. It is one of four Fayette County sites on the Register; the other three are in Vandalia.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church is a museum and former Presbyterian church located at 301 W. Main St. in Vandalia, Illinois. The church was built in 1868 on the site of the first Protestant church in Illinois. The first church at the site, the House of Divine Worship, was a non-denominational church built in 1823 by an of the Illinois State Legislature; at the time, Vandalia was the state capital, and the governors house was located next to the church. The Presbyterian church, built after the state capital moved to Springfield, was designed in the Gothic Revival style. The red brick church has a 60 ft tall bell tower. The church has twelve Gothic pointed arch windows; each window has an oval stained glass pattern depicting a religious scene. Vandalias Presbyterian congregation left the building for a new church in the 1960s, and the building is now used as the Fayette County Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1982. It is one of four sites on the National Register in Fayette County.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Charles M. Wright House is a historic house located at 3 W. Jackson St. in Altamont, Illinois. The house was built in 1889 for Charles M. Wright I and his family. Wright, one of the only doctors in western Effingham County until his retirement in 1878, ran the only bank in Altamont at the time. Architect Charles H. Spilman designed the house in the Italianate style. The brick house has an asymmetrical front facade with two bay windows to the left of the front entrance; the window bays are topped by a large half-hipped dormer. The house&#39;s cornice and the tops of the window bays are decorated with brackets. As of 1985, the Wright family still lived in the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is one of two sites in Effingham County listed on the Register, along with the Effingham County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Effingham County Courthouse, in the county seat of Effingham, Effingham County, in the US state of Illinois, has been listed on the US National Register of Historic Places since September 1985. The building is one of Effingham County&#39;s two Registered Historic Places . The 1871 courthouse structure is still in use.</p><br>
<p>Effingham County has constructed a new building, named the Effingham County Government Center, one block west of the 1871 courthouse. It was placed in service in September 2007, after which the 1871 structure was not used on a daily basis.</p><br>
<p>The Effingham County Courthouse was started in 1870 and completed in 1871 at a cost of roughly $30,000. Its style is known as Second Empire, a style popular in the United States during the latter part of the nineteenth century, coming from France&#39;s Second Empire period of the late 18th century. There have been two minor changes to the exterior; in 1913 the bell tower was changed from the Second Empire style to a simple square with a pyramidal roof; and somewhat later the southeast exterior door was changed to permit handicapped access and a small porch roof was added to shelter the door.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin County Jail, located at 209 W. Main St. in Benton, is the former county jail of Franklin County, Illinois. The jail was built in 1905-06 to replace the countys previous jail, which was built in the 1840s after the county seat moved to Benton. Architect Joseph W. Royer designed the jail; the brick building features limestone trim, a hip roof with gabled dormers, and a front porch which was rebuilt in 1997. The building also included the county sheriffs residence, an arrangement which allowed for the sheriff to continuously watch the prisoners. The jail housed prisoners until 1990, when a new jail was constructed after the State of Illinois condemned the old building. The Franklin County Historic Preservation Society has since converted the old jail to a historic museum.</p><br>
<p>The jail building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is one of three listed properties in Franklin County. The other two are the Sesser Opera House, in Sesser and the West Frankfort City Hall, in West Frankfort.</p><br>
<p>The Sesser Opera House is a historic theater located at 106 W. Franklin St. in Sesser, Illinois. The theater was built in 1914 to replace a previous theater, which had been built in 1904 and burned down ten years later. The theater was designed in the Mission Revival style and features a stucco interior, a large arch around the entrance designed to resemble an arcade, and a projecting eave topped with Spanish tiles. The theater was used for plays and vaudeville entertainment, traveling musicians, and showing films; its predecessor was the first theater in Sesser to be built with a projection room. The building also hosted local meetings and events as well as entertainment performed by community members.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The Sesser Opera House is one of three Franklin County sites listed on the National Register. The other two are the West Frankfort City Hall in West Frankfort and the Franklin County Jail in the county seat of Benton.</p><br>
<p>West Frankfort City Hall, located at 108 N. Emma St., is the former city hall of West Frankfort, Illinois. The city hall was built in 1921 to serve the city, which had no city hall up until that time. West Frankfort was first settled in 1895, when the Frankfort railway station was built 1.5 mi west of Frankfort; the original city of Frankfort merged into West Frankfort in 1923. The city hall is a two-story brick building which was built by contractor S. M. Wilson at a cost of $35,000. It was used as the city hall through 1979, when a new City Hall was constructed; the building is now used by meetings of the West Frankfort Civic Center Authority.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 2002. The City Hall is one of three properties in Franklin County listed on the National Register. The other two are the Sesser Opera House, in the city of Sesser, and the Franklin County Jail in the city of Benton.</p><br>
<p>The Asher Morton Farmstead is a farm located on Lower Terre Haute Road 4.5 mi south of Paris, Illinois. The farmstead was constructed circa 1860 by Asher Morton, an Ohioan who moved to the area in 1850. The farmhouse is an I-house, a vernacular style of house named for its popularity in the three Midwestern "I" states of Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. The house features two rooms on each floor with a central hall and staircase, the typical floor plan of the "Classic" style of I-house; however, the house has three front bays, while Classic I-houses typically had five. The exterior design of the house is influenced by the Greek Revival and Gothic Revival styles. The farmstead also includes a summer kitchen and a barn, which were also built by Morton.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 29, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Elting Memorial Library is the public library that serves the residents of the village and town of New Paltz, New York. It is located at 93 Main Street  in the villages downtown area. In addition to an impressive collection typical of most college town libraries, Eltings Haviland Heidgerd Historical Collection features "house books" that detail the history of local homes and buildings, including historic structures. Elting gained notoriety in 2007 for a videotaped ghost visit that became the most popular online video about New Paltz.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally called the New Paltz Free Library, the library was founded by the New Paltz Study Club in 1909, and outgrew its space on lower Main Street by 1919. Native son and summer resident Philip Lefevre Elting purchased the "Old Elting Homestead" for library use in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The old stone house was originally called the Solomon Eltinge House after its original owner and builder, and was part of the expansion of New Paltz from its original settlement on Huguenot Street. One of the earliest buildings on Main Street, it was erected around the same time as the Village of New Paltz was incorporated, and its location made it convenient for it to become a library in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The original building, considered the "final gasp of stone house architecture" in the area, It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004. It is located within the New Paltz Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Services and structure</h2><br>
<p>As of 2013, the library serves some 14,000 area residents, circulating approximately 100,000 items a year. A member of the Mid-Hudson Library System, it also offers a range of programming including speakers, story times, reading nights, free movies and area employment and tourism information. The library is also a key member of the One Book, One New Paltz program.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2010, the Elting library began receiving the bulk of its funding through a substantial increase from the Town of New Paltz taxes as a result of referendum on the issue.</p><br>
<h3>The Haviland Heidgerd Historical Collection</h3><br>
<p>The librarys historic collection houses a significant collection of materials relevant to the local area. According to the librarys own web site, "It is considered to be one of the best local history collections in the Hudson Valley and is home to a wealth of primary, one-of-a-kind, local history documents. Residents, descendants of New Paltz’s founding families, visitors, scholars, and students use the collection’s resources to research area history and trace family and genealogical roots." The collection includes over 10,000 newspapers, photographs, periodicals, and yearbooks that date back as far as 1860.</p><br>
<h3>Governance</h3><br>
<p>The library is governed by a Board of Directors which includes four officers and eight additional members. The board oversees a library director and staff.</p><br>
<p>As of 2014, the President of the Board is Linda Welles; the director of the library is John Giralico. Other leadership staff include Carol Johnson, coordinator of the Haviland Heidgerd Historical Collection; Bonnie Pfeffer, Children&#39;s Library Coordinator; and Jesse Chance, Circulation Manager.</p><br>
<p>The Lee–Fendall House is a historic house museum and garden located in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. Since its construction in 1785 the house has served as home to thirty-seven members of the Lee family , hundreds of convalescing Union soldiers , the prominent Downham family , and powerful labor leader John L. Lewis .</p><br>
<p>The 1785 house, standing on its original half-acre lot, is in the vernacular "telescopic style" of architecture similar to many Maryland homes, but not found elsewhere in northern Virginia. The house was renovated in 1850, adding Greek Revival and Italianate elements to the original structure.</p><br>
<p>The historic home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for state significance and the Virginia Landmarks Register, and is a documented contributing feature to the National Historic Landmark District of Alexandria, Virginia. The property is now owned and operated by the Virginia Trust for Historic Preservation and run as a museum to preserve the architectural and historic value of the house and gardens and to spread knowledge and appreciation for Virginian and American history.</p><br>
<p>The Lee–Fendall House Museum and Garden is open for tours on the hour Wed.-Sat. 10-3, and Sun. 1-3. The House Museum and Garden is also available for private rentals.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In November 1784, Major General Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee (1756–1818) purchased 3 one-half acre lots in Alexandria from Baldwin Dade (1716–1783), a merchant. On December 4, 1784, he sold one of these tracts to Philip Richard Fendall I, Esq. (1734–1805), for three hundred pounds, and Philip began building the Lee–Fendall House, for his second wife, Elizabeth (Steptoe) Lee (1743–1789), in the spring or early summer of 1785. The lot was located on the southeast corner of Washington and Oronoco Street, then the edge of the city. At the time, very few structures were near, and the Fendalls enjoyed a spectacular view of Oronoco Bay and the ships which docked there. To the north and west lay verdant fields of grass and clover. Alexandria was an up-and-coming thriving social and political center in Northern Virginia. The architect is unknown, but the style is similar to that found at "Hard Bargain", an estate built by the Digges family, and located in Charles County, Maryland, from which Fendall hailed. It consisted of a "telescopic" design, which was synonymous with Maryland, and had three sections. A plat on a 1796 insurance policy shows eight buildings on the quarter block, valued at a total of $11,500, including a "Rabbit House" and a "Pigeon House". The main dwelling house was valued at $5,000.</p><br>
<p>The house was completed by November 1785, when George Washington wrote in his diary dated November 10, 1785: "Went up to Alexandria to meet the Directors of the Potomack Company and dined at Mr. Fendalls (who was from home) and returned in the evening with Mrs. Washington." The Fendalls are mentioned in Washingtons 1785-1786 diaries more than anyone outside his own family, and Washington dined here at least seven times in those years. Elizabeth was a favorite of George and Martha Washington, a frequent visitor to Mount Vernon, and frequent hostess to the Washingtons. Philip was one of the few men who were close friends with Washington and participated in his social coterie.</p><br>
<h2>Home of the Lees</h2><br>
<p>After the Revolution, Alexandria, already known as "Washingtons Home Town", became known also as the "Home Town of the Lees". At "Lee Corner", the intersection of Washington and Oronoco Streets, stands the "Keystone", the Fendall-Lee House, as it was known. North across Oronoco are twin houses: 609, where Cornelia (Lee) Hopkins (1780–1818), daughter of William Lee (1739–1795), lived after her marriage to John Hopkins (1795–1873) until her death in 1816, and 607, the last home of Light Horse Harry Lee, and known to the public as "Robert E. Lees Boyhood Home". Just across Washington Street is the house built by Edmund Jennings Lee I (1772–1843), younger brother of Harry Lee. Directly south of the Fendall-Lee House, on the corner of Washington and Princess, is the house built by Hon. Charles Lee (1758–1815), Attorney General, another of Harry&#39;s brothers. Charles and Edmund married Lee sisters, Anne and Sally, daughters of Richard Henry Lee (1732–1794). The Lee–Fendall House is the only Lee family house on Historic Lee Corner that is presently a museum.</p><br>
<p>Light Horse Harry Lee spent a great deal of time with his relatives at the Fendall home. Philip R. Fendall was Harrys cousin and Mrs. Fendall (Philips second wife), Elizabeth (Steptoe) Lee (1743–1789), was Harrys mother-in-law. Matilda Lee was devoted to her mother, and many of Harrys letters are datelined "Alexandria", indicating he was at 614 Oronoco. Also Washingtons diary includes several entries about going to Alexandria and dining at Mr. Fendalls to meet Colonel Lee. Both Mrs. Fendall and Matilda were in failing health in 1788, and the Lees spent the winter of 1788-1789 with the Fendalls. Harry Lee was still at the house in April 1789, when George Washington left Virginia to become President of the United States. Col. Dennis Ramsay, Mayor of Alexandria, asked Lee to write the farewell address for the first President, which the Mayor delivered at the farewell dinner (201 North Fairfax Street) given for Washington by his fellow citizens. A decade later, Harry Lee was serving in Congress when Washington died. The Senate asked Lee to write the eulogy for the first President. It was in that speech that he penned the famous description of George Washington as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen."</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Fendall lived in the Lee–Fendall House from 1785 until her death in June, 1789, probably from cancer. She died unexpectedly in May 1789, while on a trip that was to include a visit to her daughter, Matilda at "Stratford". Her brother Harry Lee wrote to James Madison, Jr.: "You have heard of the loss we have met with in the death of Mrs. Fendall - better for her to be sure had this event taken place sooner & altho&#39; we are convinced of this truth yet our affliction is immoderate. Poor Mrs. Lee is particularly injured by it, as the affliction of mind adds to the infirmity of her body." Her daughter, Matilda, was prostrated by the loss of her mother, and the Lees remained in Alexandria many weeks after the funeral.</p><br>
<p>In 1791, Fendall married for a third time to Harry&#39;s sister, Mary "Mollie" Lee (1764–1827). He was now related to Light Horse Harry Lee in three ways: as his cousin, step-father-in-law, and brother-in-law. Fendall died in 1805, but Mary Lee Fendall continued to live in the house with her two children, Philip Richard Fendall II (1794–1868), and Lucy Eleanor Fendall (ca. 1795-1872), until her death in 1827.</p><br>
<p>In 1811 with the assistance of his sister Mary (Lee) Fendall "Mollie" (1764–1827), General Henry Lee was able to rent the stately house at 607 Oronoco, which was owned by William Henry Fitzhugh (1792–1830) (another Lee!). It is certain that Gen. Robert Edward Lee (1807–1870), the son of Henry, was a frequent visitor of his Aunt Fendalls household across the street. The family resided at 607 until Robert left for West Point in 1825. The tragedy of Harry Lees injuries by a Baltimore mob as he tried to defend a friend who had opposed the War of 1812, and his desperate search for health in Barbados, were too much, and Henry died in 1818.</p><br>
<h3>Edmund Jennings Lee</h3><br>
<p>After Mary Lee Fendall&#39;s death in 1827, Edmund Jennings Lee I (1772–1843) bought the house, and leased it for many years. In 1836, he moved from his home on 428 Washington, across the street, and into the Lee–Fendall House. Edmund was a brother of Light Horse Harry Lee. His wife Sally Lee (1775–1837) was the youngest daughter of Richard Henry Lee (1732–1794), a senator and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Sally died here in 1837, and Edmund continued to live here until his death in 1843.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, two of Edmund J. Lee’s daughters, Hannah (Lee) Stewart (1806–1872) and Sally Lee (1801–1879), inherited the House and leased it to Lucy Lyons Turner. Commonly known as "Aunt Turner", she was the granddaughter of Virginia Supreme Court Justice Peter Lyons and confidante of the Cassius Francis Lee, Sr. (1808–1890) family.</p><br>
<h3>The Cazenove Renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1850, Louis Anthony Cazenove (1807–1852), a successful Alexandria merchant, bought the Lee family home for his new bride, Harriotte Stuart, daughter of Cornelia Lee Turberville Stuart and great-granddaughter of Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence. The young couple were joined at the house by Louis&#39; daughters from his first marriage, Frances (1838–1884) and Charlotte Louise (1840–1914), and his father Anthony Charles Cazenove (1775–1852), a French Huguenot immigrant from Geneva. The Cazenoves renovated the home to include the latest styles and technologies. They added Greek Revival and Italianate embellishments to the original 1785 structure as well as the front and back porches and installed the first heating, plumbing, and servant bell systems in the house.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War experience</h3><br>
<p>When both Louis and A.C. Cazenove died in 1852, Harriotte was left with Louis two daughters, her infant son, and the house to take care of. In 1856, Harriotte moved her small family to her new country home three miles up the road at Seminary Hill. Named "Stuartland" after her family, the new two-story house had eight rooms, plus a kitchen, and was in a similar telescoping style to the Lee–Fendall House she left. When the Civil War brought invading forces to Harriotts door, she fled with her son to her mother&#39;s home in Chantilly, Virginia. Union forces occupied Seminary Hill and probably turned Stuartland into a headquarters. General George McClellan may have lived in the home prior to the Peninsula Campaign in early 1862.</p><br>
<p>Harriotte leased the Lee–Fendall House from the time she left Alexandria into the beginning of the Civil War. From 1861-1863, she rented the house to a New York railroad contractor and his family. In 1863, Edwin Bentley, Chief Surgeon of the Military Hospitals in occupied Alexandria, requested "the rebel house opposite Grosvenor hospital" for use as a medical building. He was "granted the authority to take possession of the withnamed house for a general hospital." The Union Army seized the house for unpaid taxes, but offered to return ownership and pay rent if Harriott would swear the Loyalty Oath to the Federal Government. Harriotte refused to swear her loyalty and the house was turned into and annex of the Grosvenor Hospital. Chief Surgeon Bentley likely moved his quarters to the house and it was here that he performed the first successful blood transfusion. Hundred of soldiers recuperated from wounds, surgeries, and illnesses at the house. Those who did not survive were placed in a dead house, or morgue, built at the back of the property.</p><br>
<h3>Fleming Home</h3><br>
<p>Harriotte eventually recovered the house after the war and in 1870, it was bought from the estate of Edmund Jennings Lee I (1772–1843) by Dr. Robert Fleming (d. 1871), who had married Mary Elizabeth Lee (1827–1903), eldest child of Col. Richard Bland Lee II (1797–1875). Dr. Fleming died in 1871, and according to Mrs. James Lee Sheridan, Mrs. Fleming moved to Washington, D.C, and permitted her three sisters, Myra Gaines (Lee) Civalier (1841–1908), Evelina Prosser (Lee) Morgan (1832–1867), Julia Eustis (Lee) Prosser, and one brother, Robert Fleming Lee (1849) to reside at the house. Myra became a prominent actress and outstanding celebrity on the Alexandria social scene in the 1890s and also performed throughout the United States. She married Charles Napoleon Civalier (1836), of Bordeaux, France.</p><br>
<p>Julia Anna Marion Lee (Holmes), wife of James Lee Sheridan, was born at 614 Oronoco Street in 1890, because her mother, also Julia Anna Marion Lee (wife of William Pinckney Holmes of Baltimore), daughter of Myra Gaines (Lee) Civalier (1841–1908), wanted her child to be born in Virginia. Mrs. Sheridan says she visited here frequently, until the death of her grandmother in 1903.</p><br>
<h2>After the Lees</h2><br>
<p>Upon the death of Mrs. Fleming in 1903, the house was to be sold to settle her estate. However, Myra loved the house so much that she threatened to burn it down with herself in it if it were sold out of the Lee family. As a result of her worrying, she was put into a hospital. In the meantime, Myra’s mother went to Myra’s best friend, Mai Greenwell, and asked her to buy the house. At the time she had a house that she was content with, and had no plans to purchase the Lee–Fendall House. However, a suitor was at the meeting, and upon hearing this, told Mai if she would marry him, he would buy the house. The suitor was Robert Forsyth Downham, who bought the house for $5,500, thus ending the Lee family’s control of the structure. The couple lived here until 1937. Between 1785 and 1903, the house had been lived in by 37 members of the Lee family.</p><br>
<p>Robert Downham, an Alexandria haberdasher and liquor dealer, presided here for the next 31 years. The Downhams sold the house to John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers. During the next 32 years, the house was the home of Lewis, his daughter Katherine and his wife Myrta. Lewis started life as a coal miner in Iowa and quickly worked his way up the union ranks to be president of the United Mine Workers of America for over four decades. He moved the headquarters of the UMWA to Washington, DC to be closer to the people in power. As president of the UMWA, he increased wages by ten times, started the first safety regulations in the mines, and started health care facilities where there weren&#39;t any before. He was also one of the founders of the AFL-CIO. To do all this, he defied two presidents, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, and pulled the miners out on strike in the middle of World War II, causing a major energy shortage. During the strike, Lewis was strung up in effigy at the corner of Washington and Oronoco, outside his home, as a traitor for hurting the war effort so much. After Lewis died in 1969, the Lee–Fendall House was leased until 1974, when it was purchased by the Virginia Trust for Historic Preservation. From that time to the present, it has become a well-known Virginia landmark and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Lee–Fendall House serves not only as an educational historic house museum but also as the setting for weddings and gala social affairs.</p><br>
<p>Blue Mountain is a visually prominent section of the Niagara Escarpment located in Grey County in Southern Ontario, Canada, rising to heights of over 300 metres  above the land and Georgian Bay. Activities in the area include biking, skiing, snowboarding and hiking. Communities located between the mountain and the bay include Clarksburg, Craigleith, Thornbury now amalgamated as Town of the Blue Mountains. Blue Mountain village has a number of accommodation types, restaurants, and tourist activities. Intrawest Resorts owns and operates the Village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Blue Mountain Ski Resort was founded by a man named Jozo Weider, who began to develop plans for the mountain as early as 1941. Then, skiing was mainly on the north side of the hill, known as "Kandahar." The lodge was built in 1941. It is also important to note the presence of The Toronto Ski Club, and in 1948 a deal was struck to share the mountain. After the 1950s, services on the mountain were expanded, with several new lifts being constructed, and lots of new terrain opened. As of 2017, the hill has 5 detachable chairlifts and 7 beginner lifts. It is home to a village and 3 lodges. It is currently the largest ski resort in Ontario.</p><br>
<p>High-end homes are built on the mountain as well. On a clear day, one can view the entire bowl shape of the southern end of Georgian Bay, to the east Wasaga Beach, the town of Collingwood and to the north the distant shorelines of the bay. Blue Mountain&#39;s name comes from the blue clay that can be found around the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Lake St. Moritz  is a lake at St. Moritz, Switzerland. With a surface of 0.78 km², it is smaller than the main lakes of the Upper Engadin valley .</p><br>
<p>Every January or early February, Polo matches are held on the lake. Compared to polo played in the summer, a slightly larger and lighter red ball is used that is easily visible in the snow.</p><br>
<p>For three weekends every February, horse races are held on the frozen lake. This races called "White Turf" are held since 1907 and brings the wealthy tourists to the lake for champagne and betting. This is also the location, where sports enthusiasts invented the sport of skijoring. In this type of race, thoroughbred horses compete without riders on their backs, but instead skiers in tow. While the sport is also played in other alpine countries, it still is mainly found in the region in which it as originated. The sport has evolved since the first race in 1906; the race as held on the road from St. Moritz to Champfer and as won by the President of Alpina Ski Club Philip Mark and his horse Blitz (German for lightning). Today, the race is run similar to other horse races, with all horses starting at the same time and running around the track. Steering is very difficult complicating the race significantly requiring great strength and skill on behalf of the athletes. The skier with the most points after the three races on consequitive Sundays is crowned the "King of the Engadin Valley". In addition to skijoring, traditional flat and trotting races over different distances are held. Until recently visitor parking was also located on the lake, but this practice has since been prohibited.</p><br>
<p>The first ice cricket tournament took place on the frozen lake in 1988. English cricketer David Gower parked his rental car on the ice in January 1990; overnight it broke through the ice and sank.</p><br>
<p>Greenly Island  is an island in Blanc-Sablon, Quebec, Canada, near the border of Newfoundland and Labrador, in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence at the southwestern end of Strait of Belle Isle. The rocky surface of Greenly Island has a thin cover of herbaceous vegetation. A fishing settlement and lighthouse are on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Migratory Bird Sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>With Aux Perroquets Island it forms the Baie de Brador Migratory Bird Sanctuary. It is protected, and no one is allowed on the island during the spring and summer without a permit. Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec (Greenly Island) and the Province of Québec Society for the Protection of Birds (Aux Perroquets Island) are the landowners of the islands in the Migratory Bird Sanctuary. More than a dozen species of seabirds, including the ring-billed gull, the herring gull, tern species, the razorbill, the black guillemot and the Atlantic puffin, flock to Greenly Island during the breeding season.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bremen landed on Greenly Island on April 13, 1928, after the first successful east–west crossing of the Atlantic by an aircraft. The first person to see the plane was Antoine Letemplier; when first sighted, he ran to his parents and shouted "Flying fish! Flying fish!"</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Temple of Bel , sometimes also referred to as the "Temple of Baal", was an ancient temple located in Palmyra, Syria. The temple, consecrated to the Mesopotamian god Bel, worshipped at Palmyra in triad with the lunar god Aglibol and the sun god Yarhibol, formed the center of religious life in Palmyra and was dedicated in 32 AD. Its ruins were considered among the best preserved at Palmyra, until they were further destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in August 2015. The arched main entrance into the temple is still intact, as well as its exterior walls and fortified gate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The temple was built on a tell with stratification indicating human occupation that goes back to the third millennium BC. The area was occupied in pre-Roman periods with a former temple that is usually referred to as "the first temple of Bel" and "the Hellenistic temple". The walls of the temenos and propylaea were constructed in the late first and the first half of the second century AD. The names of three Greeks who worked on the construction of the temple of Bel are known through inscriptions, including a probably Greek architect named Alexandras (Αλεξάνδρας). However, many Palmyrenes adopted Greco-Roman names and native citizens with the name Alexander are attested in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Bel was converted into a Christian church during the Byzantine Era. Parts of the structure were modified by Arabs in 1132 which preserved the structure and converted the Temple into a mosque. The enormous temple courtyard (approx. 200 x 200 meters) held mud-brick houses among the ruins, and served as a fortified citadel for the village of Palmyra (known as Tadmur during the 1100s). The mosque in the temple proper and the dwellings remained in use until the 1920s when Franco-Syrian archaeological missions cleared the temple grounds of its postclassical elements. Most of the Corinthian columns of the inner colonnades still showed pedestals where the statues of the benefactors stood. The temple was aligned along the eastern end of the Great Colonnade at Palmyra.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The temple showed a remarkable synthesis of ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman architecture. The cella was lit by two pairs of windows cut high in the two long walls. In three corners of the building stairwells could be found that led up to rooftop terraces.</p><br>
<p>In the court there were the remains of a basin, an altar, a dining hall, and a building with niches. And in the northwest corner lay a ramp along which sacrificial animals were led into the temple area. There were three monumental gateways, of which the entry was through the west gate. These were modified by the Arabs in 1132 when they erected a bastion, and the temple was converted into a mosque, which preserved it from further dilapidation.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction</h2><br>
<p>Syria&#39;s Director of Antiquities Maamoun Abdul Karim stated that ISIL was looking for treasures and "stores of gold" in the city.</p><br>
<p>On 30 August 2015, the Associated Press reported that ISIL had partially demolished the temple by explosives, citing eyewitness accounts. The bricks and columns were reported as lying on the ground and only one wall was reported as remaining, according to a Palmyra resident. The damage was also attested by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.</p><br>
<p>Syrias antiquities chief Maamoun Abdulkarim later stated that although there was an explosion within the temples perimeter, "the basic structure is still standing". However, these reports were proved to be incorrect.</p><br>
<p>On August 31, 2015 the United Nations confirmed the temple&#39;s destruction after reviewing satellite imagery, "We can confirm destruction of the main building of the Temple of Bel as well as a row of columns in its immediate vicinity" reported by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). The BBC issued a video report showing the satellite images and the destruction described by Einar Bjorgo, manager of UN Satellite Imaging (UNOSAT UNITAR).</p><br>
<p>The main entrance arch survived the destruction of the temple. The Institute for Digital Archaeology proposed that replicas of this arch be installed in Trafalgar Square, London and Times Square, New York City. It was later decided that instead of the temple&#39;s main entrance, the replica would be of part of the Monumental Arch.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Following the recapture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army in March 2016, director of antiquities Maamoun Abdelkarim stated that the Temple of Bel, along with the Temple of Baalshamin and the Monumental Arch, will be rebuilt using the surviving remains (anastylosis). ISIL recaptured the city on 11 December, but the Syrian Army retook it on 2 March 2017.</p><br>
<p>In July of 2017, the French company "Art Graphique et Patrimoine" travelled to Palmyra and scanned the Temple&#39;s rubbles in order to create a plan for its restoration</p><br>
<p>Fort Stanton  was a USA military fort built in New Mexico in the United States. It was established to protect settlements along the Rio Bonito in the Apache Wars. Kit Carson, John "Black Jack" Pershing, Billy the Kid, and Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry all lived here.</p><br>
<p>Confederate forces occupied the outpost in the beginning of the American Civil War after the post was abandoned with the withdrawal of USA forces in the region.</p><br>
<p>The fort was originally established in part as the Mescalero Apache reservation. In 1873 the reservation was moved 30 miles southwest to its current location. In 1899, President William McKinley transferred Fort Stanton property from the War Department to the Marine Hospital Service, converting the military reservation to America&#39;s first federal tuberculosis sanatorium.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Fort Stanton was used as a detention center for German and Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens," and 411 German nationals taken from the luxury liner Columbus in 1939 (officially recorded as "distressed seamen paroled from the German Embassy" since the USA was still technically neutral at the time of their capture). The "enemy aliens" were mostly immigrant residents of the USA who had been taken into custody as suspected saboteurs shortly after the USA entered the war, despite a lack of supporting evidence or access to due process for most internees. The 31 German American internees, labeled "troublemakers" by the Department of Justice, were kept separate from the 17 Japanese Americans (also deemed "troublesome" by authorities) who were transferred to Fort Stanton on March 10, 1945. These new arrivals were deported to Japan later that year.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, New Mexico governor Bill Richardson announced plans to establish Fort Stanton as a living history venue, Fort Stanton State Monument, and funds to renovate headquarters, officers quarters, and stables.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the area around Fort Stanton and Fort Stanton Cave was designated by the USA Congress as a National Conservation Area (NCA), with more than 25,000 acres in order to protect a unique cave resource, Snowy River Passage in Fort Stanton Cave National Natural Landmark. Snowy River was discovered in 2001 by members of the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project. The new NCA, called Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave, is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Roswell Field Office. The NCA has over 90 miles of multi-use trails for horseback riding, mountain bike riding and hiking. It is the venue of an annual endurance riding event that has grown to be 6 days long. The NCA is joined on its south and northeast boundaries by the Smokey Bear Ranger District of the Lincoln National Forest.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, members of the Southwestern Region of the National Speleological Society completed a restoration project on the second floor balcony of Building #9, located on the Fort Stanton Quadrangle.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig was a USA Army fort located along El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, near Elephant Butte Lake State Park and the Rio Grande in Socorro County, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Craig site was approximately 1,050 feet east-west by 600 feet north-south (320 by 180 m) and was located on 40 acres (16 hectares).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Before Fort Craig</h3><br>
<p>The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo outlined plans for the construction of a series of forts along the new boundaries of Mexico and the United States. Apaches and other Indian groups were reported harassing settlers and travelers on both sides of the border. The attacks by the tribes from inside the United States territory on Mexican soil was something the United States was obligated to prevent under the peace treaty with Mexico. The settlements along the Rio Grande needed protection from Apache and Navajo raids, that required army posts along the Rio Grande Valley.</p><br>
<p>For that later purpose, in 1849, an initial garrison was established at Socorro, New Mexico. It was then replaced by a fort, Fort Conrad, established along El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro on the west bank of the river, across and a little above the river crossing from Valverde, at the north end of the Jornada del Muerto in 1851. It only operated for a short while. Although it was an ideal location from which to launch military campaigns against the Apache and Navajo, it was beset by construction problems and was under constant threat of flash floods.</p><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>In 1853 the 3rd USA Infantry Regiment began construction of a new fort on a bluff nine miles down river from Fort Conrad. The new fort, named in honor of Captain Louis S. Craig, a popular young officer of the Mexican-American War, was garrisoned in 1854 with troops from Fort Conrad.</p><br>
<p>Life at remote Fort Craig was uncomfortable and lonely at best and deadly at worst. The buildings were a constant source of misery to the soldiers and records reveal litanies of complaints about leaky roofs, crumbling walls and chimneys, crowded conditions and filth from crumbling dirt roofs and muddy floors.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>By July 1861, Fort Craig had become the largest fort in the Southwest, with over 2,000 soldiers. That same year, several regiments of New Mexico Volunteers were established to handle the new threat—the Confederate Army of New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>In September 1861, a cavalry force of about 100 men set out from Fort Craig and skirmished with rebels at Canada Alamosa. This engagement is known as the Battle of Canada Alamosa, one of several small battles to occur in Confederate Arizona.</p><br>
<p>In February, 1862, all five regiments of New Mexico Volunteers were sent south from Fort Union to reinforce Fort Craig and to wait for the Confederate advance up the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>After capturing several military installations in the newly established Confederate Territory of Arizona, Brigadier General Sibley led his enthusiastic but poorly equipped brigade of about 2,500 Confederate Army of New Mexico. On February 7, 1862, the Army of New Mexico left Fort Fillmore and headed north towards Fort Craig but marched well around the fort after the Union Army refused to do battle on the plain in the front of the fort</p><br>
<p>On Fort Craigs massive gravel bastions were mounted "Quaker guns" (fake wooden cannons) with empty soldiers caps alongside the real cannons and real Union troops. This impressive ruse squelched Sibley&#39;s plans for a direct assault on Fort Craig. Furthermore, Sibley did not have the heavy artillery necessary for a siege against the heavily fortified and defended fort.</p><br>
<p>On February 21, 1862, the Union troops led by Colonel Edward Canby and the Confederate Army of New Mexico of Brigadier General Sibley first met at the Battle of Valverde, a crossing of the Rio Grande just north of the fort. Both sides took heavy casualties. At the end of the day, the Confederates held the field of battle, but the Union still held Fort Craig.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Valverde is considered a Confederate victory. However, the New Mexico Volunteers, under the command of Colonel Miguel Pino, found the Confederates&#39; lightly guarded supply wagons and burned them. Sibley was forced to march further north without the supplies he had hoped to take from Fort Craig. On February 23, 1862, the Confederate forces marched around the Union Army and headed for Albuquerque.</p><br>
<h3>Indian Wars</h3><br>
<p>Between 1863 and 1865, Fort Craig was headquarters for USA Army campaigns against the Gila and Mimbres Apaches.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig was permanently abandoned in 1885.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Craig historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1894, Fort Craig was sold at auction to the only bidder, the Valverde Land and Irrigation Company.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The property was eventually donated to Archaeological Conservancy by the Oppenheimer family and transferred to the Bureau of Land Management in 1981.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, it emerged that 20 bodies had been looted from the cemetery at Fort Craig, and 67 were exhumed and removed by Federal archaeologists to prevent further looting. The exhumations conducted from August to October removed 67 skeletons—39 men, 2 women and 26 infants and children.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig is located 105 miles (170 km) north of Las Cruces, New Mexico and 32 miles (52 km) south of Socorro, New Mexico, between Exits 115 and 124 along Interstate 25. A small visitor center is located at the Fort Craig National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The fictional action taking place in the 1958 Hollywood western genre dramatic film Fort Massacre is set around Fort Crane, a fictional analogue for Fort Craig, in 1879.</p><br>
<p>Taylor Mountain is a summit at the northern extreme of the Sonoma Mountains in California. The mountain lies in the Laguna de Santa Rosa drainage basin; its east flank drains to Matanzas Creek, a northwestward flowing stream running the length of Bennett Valley, and its west flank drains to Five Creek. The mountain is named after California Gold Rush pioneer John Shackleford Taylor, who settled on the mountain slopes in 1853 to raise dairy cows and plant a vineyard.</p><br>
<p>North of Taylor Mountain, Taylor Ridge descends toward the city of Santa Rosa. Some of Santa Rosa&#39;s urban expansion is taking place to the east of this ridge.</p><br>
<p>Taylor Mountain is readily visible from Sonoma Mountain, Bennett Valley, the Santa Rosa Plain and from as far north as the Alexander Valley.</p><br>
<p>The peak of Taylor Mountain defines (in part) the boundary between the Sonoma Coast AVA and the Sonoma Valley AVA, two federally designated grape-growing regions. Wines made from grapes grown on its western slopes would qualify for the Sonoma Coast appellation, whereas those made from grapes grown on its eastern slopes would qualify for the Sonoma Valley appellation.</p><br>
<h2>Taylor Mountain Regional Park</h2><br>
<p>The Taylor Mountain Open Space Preserve encompasses over 1,100 acres of Taylor Mountain. The land was purchased for public use between 1995 and 2011 by the Sonoma County Agricultural Preservation and Open Space District. A Landpaths permit program allowed public access in 2010. The park was opened to the general public on February 23, 2013 with four miles of dirt trails for hikers. A second entrance and trailhead opened along Petaluma Hill Road, south of Yolanda Avenue, on June 13, 2015. The new entrance includes amenities such as picnic tables and parking for horse trailers. From this entrance, you can take a 1.2 mile trail which connects to the other side of the park. Licensed dogs are allowed on leashes no longer than 6 feet. The flanks of the 1,400 ft peak provide panoramic views of the Santa Rosa Plains to the west with Bennett Valley and Annadel State Park to the north. Trail access is from a parking lot near the eastern end of Kawana Terrace off Kawana Springs Road east of Santa Rosa Avenue and Petaluma Hill Road. There is a $7 fee per vehicle for day use. The park is open from 8 AM to sunset.</p><br>
<p>Carrollton Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing the courthouse square and surrounding commercial district in Carrollton, Greene County, Illinois. The district is centered on the Greene County Courthouse, a limestone Romanesque Revival building built in 1891-92. The courthouse occupies an entire city block at the center of the district. The twelve quarter blocks surrounding the courthouse comprise Carrolltons only business district. Development in the area began in 1821, when the first courthouse was built; at the time, the square was surrounded by new houses. The only house remaining from this period is the Hodges House, which was built in 1829 and is now a historical museum. The square assumed its commercial character between 1830 and 1855, when several brick stores were constructed. After 1855, the square gained several two- and three-story commercial buildings, which form the predominant type in the district. In addition to the commercial buildings, Carrolltons public library and post office are also located on the square.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Greene County Almshouse is a historic poorhouse located in Greene County, Illinois, along a township road northeast of the city of Carrollton. The almshouse was built in 1870 in accordance with an 1839 state law which provided for each county to establish its own almshouse or poor farm for welfare recipients. Prior to passage of the law, public welfare in Illinois had taken the form of "outdoor relief", in which the poor worked on farms in exchange for basic support. Under Illinois county almshouse system, the poor were intended to receive shelter and necessities in the houses, often in exchange for farm labor on the property. By 1903, all but two of Illinois counties had established an almshouse or poor farm.</p><br>
<p>Greene County established its first poor farm in 1842. The county saw a need for a larger facility in 1869, and it built the present Italianate almshouse building the following year. The new almshouse held roughly thirty residents at any given time; its population included local paupers, vagrants, the physically and mentally disabled, orphans, and the elderly. Residents at the almshouse worked on grain and livestock farms, vegetable gardens and, in later years, fruit orchards on the property. According to the State Board of Public Charities, the residents of the almshouse experienced "excellent" living conditions, in contrast to many of the state&#39;s other county poorhouses.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, the almshouse gradually became a home for the elderly rather than a general poorhouse. By 1910, the majority of the almshouse&#39;s residents were over 60 years old, and the proportion increased to 90% by 1928. The almshouse consequently shifted its mission to serve its newly specialized population. In 1932, Illinois formally shifted to a statewide direct welfare program which largely removed the need for the county almshouse program.</p><br>
<p>The almshouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Mount Abraham is a mountain located in Franklin County, Maine. Mount Abraham is flanked to the north by Spaulding Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Watersheds</h2><br>
<p>The northeast side of Mt. Abraham is drained by Rapid Stream, then into the West Branch of the Carrabassett River, the Kennebec River, and into the Gulf of Maine. The southern half of the southwest side drains into Quick Stream, then into the West Branch. The northern half drains into Perham Stream, then into Orbeton Stream, and the Sandy River, another tributary of the Kennebec.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was logged in the late 19th century. Logs were moved down-slope in ice-covered wooden sluices. Logs, lumber, and pulpwood were shipped on the narrow-gauge Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad.</p><br>
<p>A McDonnell F-101B Voodoo of the 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron out of Otis AFB, Massachusetts, crashed onto the mountain after colliding with another F-101B during a cross-country formation flight on 14 November 1967. The two-man crew of No.57-376 ejected with minor injuries and the second aircraft made an emergency landing at Dow AFB.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail (AT), a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, runs between Saddleback Junior and Spaulding, passing 2 mi northwest of the summit of Abraham. The summit of Mount Abraham can be reached from the AT via the blue-blazed Mount Abraham Side Trail.</p><br>
<h3>South side route to the Summit</h3><br>
<p>The South Side Trail head which is a snomobile/ATV trail to the summit of Mount Abraham is located on an unmarked logging road located at Lat/Long 44.959666&deg; latitude, -70.31660&deg; longitude. Directions to the South Side Trailhead of Mount Abraham include navigating through a maze of 7 unnamed dirt logging roads. Access to the south side trailhead requires an off-road capable vehicle to get over logging road washouts.</p><br>
<p>The Henry T. Rainey Farm is a historic farm located on the north side of Illinois Route 108 in Greene County, Illinois, east of Carrollton. The main farmhouse, known as Walnut Hall, was built in 1868-70 by settler Luman Curtius. The red brick house features Greek Revival and Italianate influences. Politician Henry Thomas Rainey bought the farm in 1909. Rainey served in the USA House of Representatives from 1903 to 1921, and again from 1923 to his death in 1934; during his last two years in office, he was Speaker of the House. As Speaker of the House, Rainey presided over the passage of New Deal legislation during President Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s Hundred Days; as a representative, he promoted causes such as environmental conservation and agricultural aid programs.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Fort Garland , Colorado, United States, was designed to house two companies of soldiers to protect settlers in the San Luis Valley, then in the Territory of New Mexico. It was named for General John Garland, commander of the Military District of New Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Kit Carson and New Mexico Volunteers were stationed here in 1866 and he successfully negotiated a treaty with the Utes in 1867.</p><br>
<p>The Ninth Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) was stationed here between 1876 and 1879. In 1876, these troops were called to the La Plata region to prevent conflict between the Utes and white prospectors. The following year, they helped remove white settlers from Ute reservation lands.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, United States military units from Fort Garland were called upon by Nathan Meeker, the Indian Agent at the White River Agency. Meeker and others were killed, and family members taken captive by unhappy Utes. The captives were released and the Utes were moved once again, which reduced the need for a fort.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Garland Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Colorado Historical Society restored the fort and opened the Fort Garland Museum in 1950. Restored and reconstructed buildings include the adobe Commandants Quarters, where Kit Carson and his wife once lived, the cavalry barracks with exhibits of Hispanic traditional arts and 19th century transportation artifacts, and officers quarters. Permanent exhibits focus on Kit Carson and Buffalo Soldiers. The museum is administered by History Colorado.</p><br>
<p>Pike&#39;s Stockade, the reconstructed stockade site where Zebulon Pike raised the American flag in 1807, is located about 45 miles southwest of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Hodges House is a historic house located at 532 N. Main St. in Carrollton, Illinois. The house was built circa 1825 and remodeled in the Federal style in 1829. Lawyer Charles D. Hodges purchased the house in 1850; soon afterward, he expanded the house and added Italianate features, such as the paired brackets along the roof line. Hodges served as a Greene County judge from 1853 until 1859, when he was elected to the USA House of Representatives to replace the deceased Thomas L. Harris. Hodges returned to his law practice when Harris&#39; term ended later in 1859; he later served as a circuit judge and a state senator.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3, 1980. The Greene County Historical and Genealogical Society currently uses the house as a local history museum known as the Lee-Baker-Hodges House.</p><br>
<p>Stillmans Run Battle Site is a site in Stillman Valley, Illinois. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been since December 1983. The Battle of Stillmans Run was an 1832 clash between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk and his Sauk Indian Band. The battle took place in 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. During the engagement 12 militia men were killed while making a stand on a small hill. The rest of the militia fled back to Dixons Ferry where they spread news of a terrible slaughter at Stillmans Run.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Stillmans Run occurred on May 14, 1832. The battle was named for Major Isaiah Stillman and his detachment of 275 Illinois militia which fled in a panic from a large number of Sauk warriors. According to witness statements, the militia may have been outnumbered two to one. The engagement was the first battle of the 1832 Black Hawk War which had ignited after Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois with his "British Band" of Sauk and Fox. During the engagement 12 militia men were killed while making a stand on a small hill. The rest of the militia fled back to Dixons Ferry where they spread news of a terrible slaughter at Stillman&#39;s Run.</p><br>
<h2>Monument</h2><br>
<p>A marble and granite monument stands at the site of the Battle of Stillman&#39;s Run today. It was designed and constructed by Creo and Creo, and J.H. Anderson. The monument was erected by the Battlefield Memorial Association of Stillman Valley in 1901. It was built using funds from the state of Illinois, appropriated during the 42nd General Assembly. The site of the monument is less than one acre and currently functions as a small park.</p><br>
<p>The polished marble monument has several inscriptions on it. On one side of the monument an inscription notes:</p><br>
<p>In memory of the Illinois volunteers who fell at Stillman&#39;s Run, May 14, 1832, in an engagement with Black Hawk and his warriors."</p><br>
<p>one inscription on the monument reads:</p><br>
<p>"The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."</p><br>
<p>a historical marker at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>"Here, on May 14, 1832, the first engagement of the Black Hawk War took place. When 275 Illinois militiamen under Maj. Isaiah Stillman were put to flight by Black Hawk and his warriers. So thoroughly demoralized were the volunteers that a new army had to be called into the field."</p><br>
<p>Another inscription on the monument denotes that it was erected by the Battlefield Memorial Association of Stillman Valley and it notes that the funding came from the Illinois General Assembly and was approved May 1, 1901. There is also a listing of the dead inscribed as well.</p><br>
<h2>Grave sites</h2><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Stillman&#39;s Run Battle Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 1983 for its significance in military history.</p><br>
<p>Flagg Township Public Library is a library in Rochelle, Illinois. It is a Carnegie library, designed in 1912 by Claude and Starck. The library joined the National Register on October 25, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As a Carnegie library Flagg Township Public Library was the beneficiary of a grant from Andrew Carnegie for its construction. Often smaller towns and rural areas would band together to petition Carnegie for a grant for a county or area library.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Flagg Township Public Library was built in 1912 and designed by the Madison, Wisconsin-based architectural firm of Claude and Starck. The library is an example of Prairie School.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Flagg Township Public Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 1973, for its significance in the area of architecture.</p><br>
<p>Shore Acres Park Clubhouse  is the central feature of Shore Acres Park in Chillicothe, Illinois. The site of the clubhouse, which is located on the Illinois River, was originally part of Columbia Park, a Chillicothe city park established in 1890. In 1911, the Peoria Automobile Club was formed as a social and recreational organization for the automobile owners of Peoria and the surrounding cities; the club soon purchased the park from the city. The club built their clubhouse at the park in 1915; Peoria architects Hotchkiss & Harris provided its Classical Revival design. One of the clubs main functions was to advocate for improved roads in Peoria and Central Illinois; in particular, they advocated for a route from Peoria to Chicago that would pass their clubhouse. The 1918 State Bond Issue, which established Illinois state highway system, provided funding for this route, which became known as Illinois Route 29.</p><br>
<p>As automobiles became more common in the 1920s, the club changed its name to the Peoria North Shore Country Club and added a golf course and swimming pool in an attempt to rebrand itself. The country club was unsuccessful and went bankrupt in 1935. After passing through multiple private owners, the land was purchased by the Chillicothe Park Board in 1948; it is now a public park, and the clubhouse is used as a community center and the Park District&#39;s offices.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 4, 1995. It is Chillicothe&#39;s only listing on the National Register and one of several that are in smaller towns and cities in Peoria County outside the main city of Peoria.</p><br>
<p>Ash Island is an uninhabited 137 acre island at river mile 52 on the Willamette River, in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States, near Dundee. The island is accessible by boat year-round from any nearby Willamette River landing. A private ferry carries agricultural equipment and workers to the island from Marion County, on the other side of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Most of Ash Island is covered in sandy fields and, on the shores and southern end, forest. The elevation of the island ranges from around 50 ft at shoreline to, the islands highest point, a "peak" around 80 ft. There is a wooden dam located at the south end of the channel on the left side of the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1950, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) water level station ran from April 3 - April 13.</p><br>
<p>Today, Ash Island is primarily used for farming and beach camping.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The island is home to a number of animals, including deer, fox, geese, ducks and bald eagles. The nearby river is a popular fishing spot for salmon, steelhead and bass.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>In January 2007, Ash Island was being considered as site for Dundee to discharge its wastewater. This use could affect the island&#39;s ecosystem, however, Ash Island is also being considered for a new state park by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.</p><br>
<p>Longmire, which is effectively encompassed by the Longmire Historic District, is a visitor services center in Washington State&#39;s Mount Rainier National Park, located 6.5 mi east of the Nisqually Entrance. The area is in the Nisqually River valley at an elevation of 2,761 ft between The Ramparts Ridge and the Tatoosh Range. Longmire is surrounded by old-growth douglas fir, western red cedar and western hemlock.</p><br>
<h2>Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Longmire Historic District comprises the former headquarters district of the park and its chief developed area. The district includes 58 contributing buildings and structures, including four structures individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is home to the largest concentration of National Park Service Rustic–style structures in the park, and one of the most notable groups of such structures in any USA national park. The district lies on either side of the Paradise-Nisqually Road, with the Longmire Meadows area on the north side and the park concession and administration facilities on the south side of the road.</p><br>
<p>Individually listed structures on the National Register include the Longmire Buildings, a National Historic Landmark comprising the parks former headquarters, the Longmire Cabin, and three comfort stations, L-302, L-303 and L-304. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991. The National Park Inn is the only accommodation in the park open all year round. The Longmire Historic District is in turn part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the parks inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Longmire is the second most popular destination for visitors to Mount Rainier National Park after Paradise. Of the more than 1.3 million people who visited the park in 2000, 38% visited Longmire. The Cougar Rock Campground is about 2 mi north east of Longmire. Longmire is one of the starting points of the Wonderland Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1883 James Longmire built a trail from Succotash Valley in Ashford 13 mi to the hot springs where he built cabins in the area which now bears his name. John Muir described staying there on the way to his ascent of Mount Rainier in 1888. The oldest surviving structure in the National Park is a cabin built by Longmire&#39;s son Elcaine Longmire at the springs in 1888. It is located north of the road in the area now called Longmire Meadows.</p><br>
<p>From 1899 to 1904 approximately 500 people a year visited Longmire Springs in the summer months. They reached the area by train to Ashford and then on Longmires wagon trail. They enjoyed the mineral springs and the view of Mount Rainier. They could also hike to Paradise or Indian Henrys Hunting Grounds, both about 6 mi from Longmire Springs on trails built by the Longmire family.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, Longmire built a five-room hotel, which was later expanded. By 1906, the Longmire&#39;s hotel with assorted tents and cabins totaled 30 rooms. In that year, the Tacoma and Eastern Railroad built the original National Park Inn at Longmire, a three-story building with accommodation for 60 guests.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in an early rustic style, a Hiker&#39;s Center was built in 1911 by the Tacoma and Eastern Railroad. It is now the Longmire general store.</p><br>
<p>The Longmires wearied of park pressures to improve their facilities, and after Elcaine&#39;s death in 1915, they leased their property to the newly formed Longmire Springs Hotel Company in 1916. The new operators promptly built an additional hotel structure along with 16 wood-frame cabins. Although the property was cleaned up and improved, operating as "The New Longmire Springs Hotel", it still did not meet the quality level of the National Park Inn across the road.</p><br>
<p>Steven T. Mather, the first director of the National Park Service developed a policy which favored regulated monopolies over competing concessioners in the National Parks. Over a number of years the National Park Service worked to make the Rainier National Park Company the only concessionaire in the park. This was completed in 1919 when the Rainier National Park Company purchased the Longmire family buildings and a 20-year lease on the Longmire&#39;s private inholding for $12,000 in a three-way deal which included J.B. Ternes and E.C. Cornell, owners of the Longmire Springs Hotel Company. They eventually bought the Longmire family property, after the lease expired in 1939.</p><br>
<p>Rainier National Park Company moved the 1916 Longmire Springs Hotel structure next to the National Park Inn in 1920. Smaller than the existing inn, it became known as the National Park Inn Annex. A -story building with plain exteriors, it contained seventeen guest rooms. The Rainier National Park Company also demolished the original 1890 Longmire Springs Hotel and utility buildings in the area to "improve the appearance" of the area.</p><br>
<p>Once the road to Paradise and the Paradise Inn opened, visitors to the park preferred to stay at Paradise, making the Longmire hotel and annex unprofitable. The Rainier National Park Company intended to promote the area by advertising the medicinal qualities of the spring water. However, the Bureau of Chemistrys Hygienic Lab in Washington, D.C. tested the waters and concluded that they didnt have any medicinal value. The National Park Service prohibited the Rainier National Park Company from making false claims about the waters. The springs were never redeveloped.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s, as the number of visitors to the park increased, the Park Service moved the administration center from the Nisqually area to Longmire. The community kitchen was built in 1916 and is now the library. The park&#39;s first administration building was built in 1916 and now houses the Longmire Museum and Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the Landscape Engineering Division of the National Park Service San Francisco office created a development plan to give "a sense of order" to the buildings the government and concessionaires had built in the Longmire Plaza area south of the road. Three particularly significant buildings came about as a result of this plan, each of which demonstrated the National Park Service efforts to construct structures "that harmonized with the rugged slopes of Mount Rainier". The Community Building (1927) is a good example of early National Park Service Rustic style. The use of pairs of columns rather than the notched corner technique shows a particular skill in using natural minerals. The Administration Building (1928) is said to be the most architecturally significant of the buildings from this period. Features such as the heavy masonry first floor and timber second story were influenced by the 1924 administration building at Yosemite. Careful selection of local boulders was important in achieving a building that matches the surrounding landscape. The Service Station, built in 1929, is the last of these three buildings. It was designed to be unobtrusive in its natural setting.</p><br>
<p>The original National Park Inn burned to the ground in 1926, leaving only the National Park Inn Annex, now the National Park Inn. This building was remodeled in 1936 and was essentially rebuilt again in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The administrative center was moved outside the park to Tahoma Woods near the Nisqually entrance in 1977 as a result of the 1972 master plan, which restrained new development within the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Longmire Buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>2006 flooding</h2><br>
<p>Longmire, along with Paradise, were among the most badly affected areas in the November 6, 2006 Pineapple Express rainstorm when 18 in of rain fell in a 36-hour period, causing extensive flood damage and road closures. State Route 706 (the Nisqually entrance to Paradise road) which serves Longmire was closed due to flood damage until May 5, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Lagoon Mirim  or Merín  is a large estuarine lagoon which extends from southern Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil into eastern Uruguay. Lagoa Mirim is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a sandy, partially barren isthmus.</p><br>
<p>The Jaguarão/Yaguarón, Tacuarí and Cebollatí Rivers empty into Lagoon Mirim, while the São Gonçalo Channel connects it with Lagoa dos Patos to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lagoon Mirim is about 108 mi long by 6 to 22 mi wide and 62.25 km&sup2;. It is more irregular in outline than its larger neighbor to the north, Lagoa dos Patos, and discharges into the latter through São Gonçalo Channel, which is navigable by small boats. Lagoa Mirim has no direct connection to the Atlantic, but the Rio Grande, a tidal channel about 24 mi long which connects Lagoon dos Patos to the Atlantic, affords an entrance to the navigable inland waters of both lagoons and several small ports. The southern part of the lake lies in Uruguayan territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty, belongs exclusively to Brazil.</p><br>
<p>Both lagoons are the remains of an ancient depression in the coastline shut in by sand beaches built up by the combined action of wind and oceanic currents. They are at the same level as the ocean, but their waters are affected by the tides and are brackish only a short distance above the Rio Grande outlet.</p><br>
<p>The Taim Ecological Station lies to the east of the lagoon, in the narrow land strip between it and the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Jaguarão/Yaguarón River, which forms part of the Brazil-Uruguay boundary line, empties into Lagoon Mirim, and is navigable 26 mi up to and beyond the twin towns of Jaguarão (Brazil) and Rio Branco (Uruguay).</p><br>
<p>On the Uruguayan side apart from the Yaguarón River, the Cebollatí River and the Tacuarí River empty into the Lagoon Mirim. The amount of water received by the lagoon is greater from the Uruguayan side.</p><br>
<p>Park House , , 20 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, is a nineteenth century town house. It was built for John McConnochie, Chief Engineer to the Bute Docks, by the Gothic revivalist architect William Burges. It is a Grade I listed building. The architectural writer John Newman writes that the architectural style of the house; "revolutionized Cardiff&#39;s domestic architecture," and CADW considers the building; "perhaps the most important 19th century house in Wales."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Commissioned by McConnochie in 1871, the house was completed externally by 1874, although decoration of the interior continued, somewhat slowly, until McConnochies Cardiff mayoral year of 1880. The surveyor was J. Holden. The house was much admired at the time of its construction, being referenced by Viollet-le-Duc and its plans displayed at the Royal Academy. Today, the house is of particular interest for three reasons; as the precursor of Burges own house in Kensington, as evidence of one of the few architectural errors Burges made in his career and as a template for an architectural style which had a significant influence on late Victorian/Early Edwardian Cardiff. "By its powerful early French Gothic style, its steep roofs and boldly textured walls (the house) revolutionized Cardiff&#39;s domestic architecture."</p><br>
<p>The house is now a restaurant. To publicise its opening to the public in 2012, the owner wrapped the building with a giant red ribbon. As this had been done without listed building consent, Cardiff council demanded its removal.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and description</h2><br>
<p>The style of the house is Burgess signature Early French Gothic, with triangle and rectangle to the fore, although it is without the conical tower felt appropriate for Burgess own home and for Castell Coch. The external frontage comprises four gables, the windows of the last gable concealing the major error of the interior, the fact that the entrance confronts the visitor with the underside of a colossal staircase. It is hard to understand how Burges could have made such a mistake. It was not repeated at The Tower House, which is an almost, reversed, replica, with added conical tower. The house is of two storeys, with an attic and a basement. The style of the house was widely imitated, in Cardiff and beyond and this can be evidenced by walking tours of any of Cardiffs inner suburbs, where echoes of Burgess influence can be seen. Cadw described Park House as "perhaps the most important 19th century house in Wales".</p><br>
<p>Burges used various building stones for Park House, Pennant Sandstone for the walls, Bath stones around the windows, entrance porch and plinths, while the pillars are pink Peterhead granite from Aberdeenshire.</p><br>
<p>23 Wall Street or "The Corner", is an office building formerly owned by J.P. Morgan & Co. &ndash; later the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company &ndash; located at the southeast corner of Wall Street and Broad Street, in the heart of the Financial District in Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1965, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Since it was purchased in 2008 by interests associated with the billionaire industrialist Sam Pa, it has been left in a state of disuse.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Trowbridge & Livingston and built in 1913, the building was so well known as the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co. &ndash; the "House of Morgan" &ndash; that it was deemed unnecessary to mark the exterior with the Morgan name. The building is known for its classical architecture and formerly for its well-appointed interior, including a massive crystal chandelier and English oak paneling, but, overall, is more notable for its history than its architecture.</p><br>
<p>Even though property prices in the area were very high, the Morgan building was purposely designed to be only four stories tall; the contrast to the surrounding high-rises is reinforced by the astylar exterior, rendered as a single high piano nobile over a low basement, with a mezzanine above, and an attic storey above the main cornice. The plain limestone walls are pierced by unadorned windows in deep reveals. The foundations were constructed deep and strong enough in order to support a forty-story tower should the need arise in the future.</p><br>
<p>Across Broad Street from this building is the New York Stock Exchange, and across Wall Street is Federal Hall National Memorial. Directly outside are entrances to the Broad Street station ( trains) on the BMT Nassau Street Line of the New York City Subway.</p><br>
<h2>1920 bombing</h2><br>
<p>On September 16, 1920, the building was the site of the Wall Street bombing, in which thirty-eight people were killed and hundreds injured, 143 of them seriously. The building received heavy damage, with shrapnel entering the building through its large wide windows. To this day, the damage to the limestone façade is visible on the outside of the building, as the company said it would never repair the damage in defiance to those who committed the crime.</p><br>
<p>Because the Morgan building was so well known, many assumed that the target of the assumed anarchist bombing was actually the bank itself.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>In 1957 the building was linked to neighboring 15 Broad Street, a 42-story L-shaped tower on a limestone base that tactfully echoes 23 Wall Street&#39;s facade. In 1989, JP Morgan moved its operations to 60 Wall Street, a larger and more modern building two blocks to the east. 23 Wall Street was extensively renovated in the 1990s as a training and conference facility for J.P. Morgan & Co.</p><br>
<p>This building and 15 Broad Street were sold in 2003 for $100 million to Africa Israel & Boymelgreen. The two buildings have become a condominium development, Downtown by Philippe Starck, named for French designer Philippe Starck, one of a growing number of residential buildings in the Financial District. Starck made the roof of 23 Wall into a garden and pool, accessible to the residents of the development.</p><br>
<p>Africa Israel gained full control of 23 Wall Street in 2007; it was sold to a partnership of the China International Fund and Sonangol Group in 2008. The building has been unoccupied for years, and given the recent arrest of Sam Pa, believed to be a key leader of the China Investment Fund and the Sonangol Group, the future of this important Wall Street landmark remains uncertain.</p><br>
<p>Jack Terzi of JTRE Holdings purchased the building in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>23 Wall Street appears in the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises, where it represents the exterior of the Gotham City Stock Exchange. The real New York Stock Exchange can be seen in the background of several scenes at this sequence.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Church, also known as Old Brick Church, or Newport Parish Church, is a historic church building, located in the unincorporated community of Benns Church, near Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. It is the oldest church in Virginia and oldest church in British North America of brick construction. According to local tradition the structure was built in 1632, but other evidence points to a date of 1682; see Dating controversy.</p><br>
<p>On October 15, 1966, St. Luke&#39;s was designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historic and architectural distinction. In 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower designated the site a National Shrine in concert with the 350th anniversary of Jamestown.</p><br>
<p>Since 1954 Historic St. Lukes Restoration, doing business as Historic St. Lukes Church, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that maintains, preserves, promotes, and interprets the 17th-century, 100-acre historic site. Historic St. Luke&#39;s does not receive any federal, state, or municipal funding. All sourcing comes from private corporations, foundations, and individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Once known as "Old Brick Church", St. Lukes is described by College of William & Mary professor and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation architectural historian Carl Lounsbury as an Artisan Mannerism style of structure blending many influences into a builder rather than an architect-focused structure. Other examples of such architecture include Bacons Castle in nearby Surry County, Virginia and exhibit Cavalier or Royalist sensibilities. St. Peter&#39;s Church in New Kent, Virginia is a later, less ornate style reflecting the Glorious Revolution of Dutch-English monarchs William & Mary.</p><br>
<p>The plan is that of a single room (29 ft × 65 ft) with a twenty-foot-square (20 ft&sup2;) tower at the west end. The walls are laid in a rough Flemish bond. The buttresses with sloping set-offs project prominently from three bays of the north and south walls. At both the east and west end of the church are crow-stepped gables, while unadorned turrets, corbelled slightly at their bases, decorate the corners of the building.</p><br>
<p>The artisan mannerism style of the building combines several architectural styles without attribution to a specific architect or stylistic movement. This form of provincial American architecture is more builder-driven and designed than architect.</p><br>
<p>The original windows were replaced in the 19th century. Those Victorian windows remain in place today. The stained glass windows above the altar were produced in Germany. The current doors were added in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<h3>Parish affiliation</h3><br>
<p>Newport Parish dates from the formation of Warrosquyoake plantation. The details of parish and political entities are as follows:</p><br>
<p>1629 Warrosquyoake Parish formed</p><br>
<p>1634 Included in the list of original shires</p><br>
<p>1634 Isle of Wight County formed</p><br>
<p>1643 Divided into upper (Warrosquyoake) and lower parish (Newport)</p><br>
<p>1733 Brunswick Country formed from Isle of Wight County</p><br>
<p>1743 Lower sections of Warrosquyoake and Newport Parishes combined as Newport Parish and upper sections into Nottoway Parish (later Nottoway Parish became Southampton Parish).</p><br>
<p>1749 Southampton County formed from Isle of Wight County</p><br>
<p>1836 Christ Episcopal Church of Newport Parish in Smithfield, Virginia</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The architecture of Newport Parish Church is a combination of the 17th century room church embellished with Gothic features. Unlike the English Gothic church characterized by separate wings containing the nave, aisles and chancel, the room church reduces these divided spaces into a single rectangular space. All Virginia vernacular churches employ this room structure. In the case of Newport Parish, a simplified form of a rood screen, as in several extant English room churches, separates the nave from the chancel. In fact, in this edifice, the oldest Anglican church in the state, the essential features of the room church are all in place. They are:</p><br>
<p>Rectangular building</p><br>
<p>General ratio of 2:1 length to width</p><br>
<p>Oriented east-west</p><br>
<p>Main entrance via west door</p><br>
<p>Southeast vestry door</p><br>
<p>Single story sidewall elevation</p><br>
<p>East window.</p><br>
<p>Gothic features are principally in embellishments to the structure rather than major structural details:</p><br>
<p>steeply pitched A-roof with crow-stepped or curvilinear gables</p><br>
<p>Y-tracery windows with brick modillions</p><br>
<p>semi-circular arches at doorways with "embryonic pediments"</p><br>
<p>beamed ceilings with plaster</p><br>
<p>plain cornices</p><br>
<p>porches, buttresses, or towers.</p><br>
<h3>Brickwork</h3><br>
<p>The church itself is 60+1/2 ft east-west and 24+1/4 ft north-south in the clear.</p><br>
<p>The church is laid in Flemish bond in water tables, walls, and tower. The tower is an integral part of the structure unlike that of the Jamestown Church tower whose unfinished mortar joints on its east wall indicate that it was erected after the main church building and the clearly documented, added tower at St. Peter&#39;s Church, New Kent County. Unlike any other standing Virginia colonial church, there are two water tables each nine bricks high. The transitions from the water tables are accomplished using beveled bricks. There are no glazed headers in the walls that are 36 in wide at the foundations, 26 in thick in the walls, and 30 in thick in the tower.</p><br>
<p>Three buttresses with three ramps each support the north and south sides of the church, separating the walls into three bays and a chancel, each of which contains a Y-tracery window. The bevels of the buttresses follow the water table in height, each being nine bricks tall. The church is singular among standing churches in having buttresses: the only other documented buttresses are at the Jamestown Church of 1639 to 1647 and the second Bruton Parish Church of 1680.</p><br>
<p>The walls continue for 38 courses above the water tables. Obvious repairs are present throughout the building due to a storm that collapsed the walls in 1887 and include:</p><br>
<p>entire upper east wall</p><br>
<p>crow steps and towers on the gables</p><br>
<p>windows on the south and north walls</p><br>
<p>east side of the tower along the gables</p><br>
<p>two elliptical windows on the north and south sides of the porch</p><br>
<p>sills of some of the principal windows.</p><br>
<p>Two thousand bricks from the Jamestown Church of 1639- 1647 were included in repairs during the 1890s.</p><br>
<h3>Roof</h3><br>
<p>The present roof, replaced in the 1950s is constructed internally of massive tie-beams and a plastered ceiling, though the original was most likely a principal rafter roof similar to that of the third Bruton Parish Church. The roof beams are decorated with chamfer and lamb&#39;s tongue moldings. The present slate shingles are, of course, not the original roofing material which most likely was cedar shingles or clapboards painted or covered with tar.</p><br>
<p>The ends of the east gable consist of a corbelled turret on the outside corners with eight crow steps rising to the middle. The crow steps on the west wall are truncated by the presence of the tower and so have only 1½ steps. Other colonial structures with gables are few and include Bacons Castle(1665) the second Bruton Parish Church, (1680s), and St. Peters Church, New Kent County (1701) all of which are characterized by Flemish curved gables instead of crow step gables. All of the cornices are modern replacements.</p><br>
<h3>Tower</h3><br>
<p>The tower, the only one known to be an original feature of a colonial church in Virginia, stands to the west of the main church building and is 18 ft east-west and 20 ft north-south at the outside ground level. It is 60 ft tall and consists of three stories. The corners of the first two stories of the three-story tower are embellished by rusticated brick quoins of a row of two horizontally raised bricks divided by a projecting row of thin bricks with a vertical V in the center. The third story, presumably added some time after the rest of the tower, is surmounted by a slate shingled, hipped roof with a modern weather vane at the crest. The southern and northern faces of the tower bear a single window on each story. From bottom to top they are: 1) an open oval ellipse three feet horizontally and two feet vertically; 2) a Y-tracery window matching the principal windows; and 3) a compass widow with a brick arch and louvers. The west façade is identical except that the lower story contains a round bricked arch with a simple, whitewashed tympanum above it. The bottom of the tower is open and serves as a porch.</p><br>
<h3>Windows</h3><br>
<p>The windows of St. Lukes Church are unique among colonial windows and the major element that gives the edifice an artisan mannerism character. The east window is a "great lancet consisting of two tiers of four circular-headed windows." The two bottom courses consist of rows of four round-headed windows above which are a row of gothic arched windows, three diamond-shaped windows, and a pair of elongated, horizontal triangles as spandrels. Each of the east windows as well as the Y-tracery windows in the rest of the church are separated by modillions of molded, rubbed brick consisting of an ovolo (convex) and fillet (flat) shapes and an ovolo sill. There is a small, elliptical window above the great window. The presence of a great window is indicated in a few other, early churches in Virginia, namely St. Peters, New Kent County (1701) and Upper and Lower Middlesex Country churches (1714 and 1717). Later churches without exception had chancel windows matching the principal windows on the north and south walls.</p><br>
<p>There are eight lancet windows on the north and south edifices and three on the tower (second story south, west, and north faces) similar in general construction to the great window. They each consist of a pair of steeply arched windows with a single, smaller spandrel window completing the arch and separated with rubbed brick in the form of ovolo and fillet moldings. The sills are also of identical ovolo molded bricks.</p><br>
<p>The present Tiffany-style, stained glass windows, despite local tradition to the contrary, do not replicate the original material that was diamond-paned, leaded glass. No Virginia colonial church had stained glass windows.</p><br>
<h3>Doorways</h3><br>
<p>The church displays the first recorded instance of the use of a main west entrance and a south entry placed in the extreme southeast corner of the church. Both doors are recent replacements, and the exact form of the western door is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance is through the tower archway by way of a large, semi-circular arch that is decorated by rubbed brick and am impost three bricks high at the lower end of the arch. The arch itself consists of voussoirs with plastered over, white bricks forming the interior of the arch. Above the arch is a primitive, triangular tympanum the lower line of which extends beyond the raked borders. It is embellished by a fascia on the outer course with a fillet and ovolo on the inner course. It was alternately decorated with white cement, a marble tablet, and now a wash of mortar.</p><br>
<p>The western inner entrance is now a wicket door patterned after that of Yeocomico Church although it is unpainted. The southern entrance is a square-headed, battened door with decorative, molded bricks in the shape of an ovolo surrounding it. The images from the Library of Congress site are worth study, for they show in the late 1950s a compass headed door at this entrance that is evidenced by brick repairs above the doorway.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The only written record of the interior is from 1746 in which the wives of justices and vestrymen were assigned a box pew in the northern corner of the chancel and young women of the parish were assigned their former pews. There is one original baluster (the second from the left end on the altar rail). The rood screen is based on footings discovered in the 1950s while the sounding board, that is 17th-century in origin, was found in 1894 in a barn at Macclesfield, a nearby plantation. The single baluster and sounding board are the only original interior appointments.</p><br>
<p>The original interior appointments were long ago destroyed and the present is a restoration from the 1950s. It consists of a square pew of each side of the altar, two box pews west of the chancel screen, and seventeen slip pews in the nave.</p><br>
<p>The pulpit is a reconstruction three-decker of 1950s origin; Rawlings postulates that a two-decker pulpit originally was built due to the lack of space for a clerk&#39;s desk.</p><br>
<p>The main aisle is T-shaped and paved with square bricks whose pattern is derived from the original floor. Under the pews are wooden, reproduction floors. At the west end of the church is a gallery that originally had oak balusters and was restored during the 1950s The interior of the tower shows a portion of original plaster under a piece of glass, and it is covered with "mortar wash on the walls and exposed beams". Portions of the wooden interior sills of the second-story tower windows may be original.</p><br>
<p>Much of the interior (such as the rood screen, the kneeling rail, and a medieval-style bench east of the rood screen) are suppositions based the error prone 1950s restoration. The interior also contains a reproduction wooden baptismal font, various items of furniture, and various ecclesiastical furnishings of period 17th-century origin, though not original to the church itself.</p><br>
<h3>Summary</h3><br>
<p>St. Lukes Church is Virginias oldest church. Its construction demonstrates the progression from the crude, wooden churches of the early 17th century to more permanent brick structures leading to the simple room churches characteristic of the Virginia vernacular church in its full development, such as in Ware Church (1710–1715), a rectangular church with an unadorned exterior and elaborate triangular and semi-circular pediments. Like Yeocomico Church, such features as the bell tower, enclosed west porch, elaborate quoins, and Y-tracery windows belong to a formative period of church building whose features were soon to pass. The present restoration, according to architectural historians, leaves much to be desired in its fanciful and poorly documented elements:</p><br>
<p>"...the restorers let the assumed date of St. Luke&#39;s shape their assessment of the physical evidence."</p><br>
<p>"Although so much has been done for the church by so many – and a great deal of it admirable in both intention and execution – it must reluctantly be acknowledged that several false steps have been taken..."</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Burials in the church cemetery include those of Virginia Lieutenant Governor Allie Edward Stakes Stephens and his wife; the couple were active in the movement to preserve the church. Also interred in the cemetery is Archibald Atkinson, who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1849.</p><br>
<h2>Dating controversy</h2><br>
<p>The dating of this church with Gothic elements is a matter of disagreement between local traditions and academic researchers. Some local sources had insisted that the church can be dated to 1632 until recent dendrochronology dated the building to 1682</p><br>
<p>The basic argument that the current brick church (rather than an earlier building on the same site) was built in 1632 had been:</p><br>
<p>The vestry records were concealed by burial during the Revolutionary War by Colonel Josiah Parker. After they were dug up, they were read by his daughter, a Mrs. Cowper and other reliable witnesses, but then either used as wadding for muskets during the War of 1812. or simply crumpled into dust</p><br>
<p>Local tradition links the name of a militia Colonel Joseph Bridger who is interred in the chancel of the church to its construction.</p><br>
<p>Bricks discovered in a roof collapse in 1887, or 1886, may bear the date 1632.</p><br>
<p>While the predominant gothic architectural elements or the church date to the late 1680&#39;s, others, such as buttresses, crow step gables, and the principal rafter roof were also found in some early 17th-century churches.</p><br>
<p>Other evidence calls into doubt the accuracy of these assertions:</p><br>
<p>It was common for several churches to be built on the same site generations apart. The presence of a brick church on this site does not mean that it was this brick church.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Bridger was born in 1628 and was four years old in 1632. Some sources cite clumsy efforts to link Bridger&#39;s father with the site, but his name was Samuel, and he cannot be documented as having come to America.</p><br>
<p>The bricks have indeterminate numerals that can be read as 1632 or 1682, and the numerals&#39;s style does not match colonial scripts. The bricks also have a mortar coating indicating that they may have been re-used as interior bricks in later repairs, alterations, or new construction. The best case scenario is the bricks were part of an earlier church at the same site, then re-used as interior bricks in the 1680 church. However, Upton asserts the bricks are clearly forgeries.</p><br>
<p>Two other local figures, Charles and Thomas Driver, are also associated with the church, but they, like Colonel Bridger, are associated with records in the later 17th century when they were adults. There are two bricks in the third story of the tower bearing the initials CD and TD usually associated with these two men.</p><br>
<p>The architectural features of the building can all be documented in English churches of the later 17th century or much later time periods.</p><br>
<p>General historical data militate against the establishment of such an elaborate edifice in 1632 and generally agree with a date in the 1680s:</p><br>
<p>Other Virginia buildings from this period:</p><br>
<p>Bacon&#39;s Castle 1665</p><br>
<p>Jamestown Church circa 1690</p><br>
<p>2nd Bruton Parish Church 1681–83</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Parish Church 1690</p><br>
<p>Yeocomico Church 1706.</p><br>
<p>It is unlikely that one of these stylistically related buildings predates the others so significantly.</p><br>
<p>The association of Joseph Bridger with the church agrees with a date in the 1680s as do the local links to the Driver brothers (Rawlings 8; Upton 60).</p><br>
<p>Funding for the Jamestown Church of 1639 was such a problem that it took until 1647 to complete the church. Could a more elaborate church been constructed in sparsely populated Isle of Wight in 1632?</p><br>
<p>A compromise theory that the church was begun in the 1630s and then completed or modified fifty years later, resulting in the present edifice is also posited. According to this assertion, the church walls were laid in 1632 while the interior, and possibly the roof, were not completed until the 1680s. Evidence for this can be found in the bell tower that clearly shows that the lower two stories were built earlier than the upper story.</p><br>
<p>Mason, Rawlings, and Upton all agree that 1632 is far too early a date for this edifice:</p><br>
<p>Mason states, "Since...... point to a later date than the traditional one... it seems probable that the Old Brick Church was completed by Charles and Thomas Driver, as master workmen, under the direction of Colonel Joseph Bridger, about 1682, and that it succeeded an earlier brick church built on the same site, about 1632...".</p><br>
<p>Rawlings says, "Suffice it to say here that is seems hazardous to claim any date before 1665 and wiser to accept 1682 as the most likely year for its erection, as probably a second church on the same site."</p><br>
<p>And Upton asserts, "St Luke&#39;s similarities to... suggests a date in the fourth quarter of the seventeenth century for the Isle of Wight county building... the years around 1680... when a rectangular building based on the room churches, developed in rural England early in the same century, became the characteristic form of the Virginia vernacular church."</p><br>
<p>A recent study by The James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., cites dendrochronological and architectural evidence that the church was constructed in the early 1680s.</p><br>
<h2>Current operations</h2><br>
<p>Since 1954, St. Lukes Church has been administered by Historic St. Lukes Restoration. The 100-acre historic site and museum provide guided tours for individuals and groups seven days per week between February and December – only closed in January. Visitors receive 45-minute guided tours beginning from the origins of the Anglican church through its restorations.</p><br>
<p>The Site is also available for private rentals including weddings, funerals, baptisms, and other special events. An independent board of directors administers ultimate oversight of annual operations, budgets, and fund raising projects.</p><br>
<h2>Current condition</h2><br>
<p>Since the most recent restoration project of 2012, St. Luke&#39;s is structurally well-preserved for years to come. Daily maintenance of the buildings and property remains a challenge.</p><br>
<p>As of April 2015 a major project is underway – the Historic St. Luke&#39;s Grounds Restoration Project (Phase 1). This $500,000 capital project is designed to restore the ponds, bridge, roadway, approaches, and landscaping and will provide responsible grounds management and access for decades to come. Phase 2 of this project is presently being explored.</p><br>
<p>The Winona County Courthouse is the seat of government for Winona County in Winona, Minnesota, United States. The 1889 Richardsonian Romanesque building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, art, and politics/government. It was nominated for being an artistic manifestation of Winona&#39;s prosperous riverboat and logging era. It was the first courthouse in Minnesota listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The original cost of the courthouse was $125,000. From the 1970s to 2000, nearly $2.5 million was spent restoring and remodeling the building, but on September 3, 2000, the ceiling of a fourth floor courtroom collapsed and broke fire sprinkler pipes, resulting in flooding the building with over 4,500 gal of water and causing much other damage. The county offices were relocated to other buildings, and the building was again renovated to repair water damage and to bring the building up to current standards.</p><br>
<p>The Col. Thomas C. Love House, also known as Love Ridge Fruit Farm, is a historic home located north of the town of Seymour, Webster County, Missouri. It was built after the American Civil War in 1868. The house itself is of Vernacular Italianate design, this type of architectural style, which was popular during the late 1860s to 1870s, is defined by features such as arches above the windows, and porches with several ornamental post that hold up the railing. The house is reminiscent of a plantation type farm house and it was probably Colonel Love’s intention to run the farm like a southern plantation. The house has several bed rooms upstairs, including one that probably was the servant’s room, that room has a separate staircase that is very narrow. The house has a balcony to the east and the large front porch is two storied. The Love Ridge Farm had one of the largest apple orchards in the State of Missouri in 1904. The Love Ridge farm produced 10-percent of the apples for the State of Missouri in 1904.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Sierra de las Minas is a mountain range in eastern Guatemala, extending 130 km west of the Lake Izabal. It is 15–30 km wide and bordered by the valleys of the rivers Polochic in the north and the Motagua in the south. Its western border is marked by the Salamá River valley which separates it from the Chuacús mountain range. The highest peak is Cerro Raxón at 3,015 m.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra&#39;s rich deposits of jade and marble have been mined throughout the past centuries. These small scale mining activities also explain the name of the mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The range has several different habitats, including Mesoamerica&#39;s largest cloud forests, and is home to a great variety of wildlife. A large part of the Sierra de las Minas was declared a biosphere reserve in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Biosphere reserve</h2><br>
<p>In 1990, a substantial part of the Sierra de las Minas (2,408.03 km&sup2, including buffer zones and transition areas) was designated a biosphere reserve.</p><br>
<h3>Habitats and land cover types</h3><br>
<p>Due to its size and great variety in elevation and precipitation, the range has many different habitats and land cover types, including:</p><br>
<p>Subtropical thorn forest, also known as Motagua Valley thornscrub, with Cactus species, Guaiacum species, Vachellia farnesiana and Bucida macrostachys.</p><br>
<p>Premontane dry subtropical forest with Encyclia diota, Ceiba aesculifolia and Leucaena guatemalensis.</p><br>
<p>Premontane tropical wet forest including Attalea cohune, Terminalia amazonia, Pinus caribaea and Manilkara zapota.</p><br>
<p>Lower montane subtropical moist forest with Pinus oocarpa, Quercus species, Alnus jorullensis and Encyclia selligera.</p><br>
<p>Cloud forest including Alfaroa costaricensis, Brunellia mexicana, Gunnera species, and Magnolia guatemalensis.</p><br>
<p>Agroecosystems with coffee, rice, maize, etc.</p><br>
<p>Pastures with Tillandsia species.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The reserve has 885 species, about 70% of all species found in Guatemala and Belize, including threatened birds like the resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) and horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus).</p><br>
<p>Felines with a significant presence are the Jaguar (Panthera onca), Cougar (Felis concolor), Onza (Puma yagouaroundi), Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and Margay (Leopardus wiedii).</p><br>
<p>Other mammals in the reserve include the red brocket (Mazama americana), the Guatemalan black howler (Alouatta pigra) and Baird&#39;s tapir (Tapirus bairdii).</p><br>
<h2>Jade Reserve</h2><br>
<p>The southern area of Sierra de la Minas (translated in Spanish as the &#39;Mountain Range of the Mines’) is also known for its rich deposits of jadeite, (one of the two forms of jade) marble, serpentine, and other minerals. Smaller jadeite deposits have been rediscovered sporadically in the last 50 years, but it wasn’t until 1998 that a major source was identified.</p><br>
<p>Jadeite is found all over the world, in countries such as Myanmar, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Russia, British Columbia, United States, and Turkestan. The other form, nephrite, is much more common, but of much less value. Blue jadeite is similar in structure to the different colors of jadeite; it is the trace elements found in the minerals that contribute to their color. The blue jadeite, for example, is known to have traces of titanium and iron. Jadeite and nephrite artifacts found in the new world were at one point thought to have been from Asia.</p><br>
<p>The region of Sierra de Las minas, along with the Motagua river valley, was used by older pre-Columbian civilizations such as the Olmec and Maya as a source of jadeite. The jadeite was used for different purposes, such as for ritual objects and adornments. Because of their location between Mexico and Central America, the Maya became an important influence in Mesoamerican trade. Jadeite became an important export for the Maya, along with serpentine, salt and cacao. It was assumed that these cultures amassed all of their jade from the Motagua River valley, the then only known source of jadeite, in central Guatemala near El Portón.</p><br>
<h3>Rediscovery</h3><br>
<p>Because jade was not desired in the colonial period, sources of the stone were forgotten. Since the 1950s, jadeite was thought to be in the region, as no other source for Olmec jade was recognized. It was not until 1999 when geophysicist Russell Seitz found and reported the site that the extent of these deposits was known. Several influences in the United States spurred the search for this jade. Boston jade collector Landon T. Clay was one of the first individuals to sponsor the search for jade in the region. The Mesoamerican Jade Project of 1976 was initiated by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, to resolve the question of the jade&#39;s location. Geophysicist Russell Seitz of Cambridge, Massachusetts was chosen to be the field director of the project. However, the resulting trips remained mostly unsuccessful due to the lack of proper technology and the harsh conditions of the wild Guatemalan forests.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the 180 mph winds of Hurricane Mitch stormed the region in 1998 that jadeite was again uncovered in the area. The storm unearthed previously unknown alluvial deposits of jadeite by flooding the Motagua River thirty-one feet past the flood stage. Other rivers such as the Rio El Tambor also began unveiling alluvial jade. Although the worth of this jade was fairly low (the more intense the green of the jade the more it is worth), prospectors and local shop owners began collecting shards found in the beds of these rivers. In 1999, Russell Seitz happened to be in one of these local jade shops in the town of Antigua when he noticed a large hand-sized sample of the rare blue-jadeite.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, Seitz started an expedition with prospector Carlos Gonzales Ramirez to find the source of the elusive jadeite. They traveled to El Ciprés, located in Sierra de Las Minas, miles north of the Motagua river valley. They trekked into the mountains and eventually found large veins of jadeite about 2 meters wide by 45 meters long. A site with jade boulders as big as buses was discovered, along with evidence that the site had been worked on for thousands of years.</p><br>
<p>When Seitz returned to the United States with a few samples, he had them tested and they were confirmed as high quality jadeite. This spurred more researchers to join him in his study of this site. The find was announced in a brief article written by Seitz for the December 2001 issue of Antiquity.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological connotation of the find was significant. The influence of the Olmecs was understood to be more spread than previously believed. Also found at the site was an ancient dry-stone pathway that led through the mountains to an old habitation and tomb site, filled with the remains of old clay shards. This road has expanded the preconceived size of the Olmecs&#39; trade routes. It is still debatable as to why exactly this large cache of jadeite is still mostly intact. The Maya were known to use the green form of the jadeite for their carvings. And because the Spanish only sought the gold, the Olmecs would have had all the blue jadeite to themselves.</p><br>
<p>The Motagua valley is another source of jade in the area. The town of Río Hondo and its surrounding areas have yielded finds such as the "princesa" variety of jadeite. This valuable type of jadeite contains a translucent rich-green color. In 1996 prospector Carlos Gonzalez began searching the area for jade. He discovered a 140 lb boulder of jadeite that had a translucent, light blue color. The 7 km area from La Ceiba to Carrizal Grand contained similar Omec jade artifacts. Gonzales and colleagues discovered more examples in the southern tributaries of the Rio El Tambor located near Carrizal Grande and San José. In January 2002 they were led to the locality of Quebrada Seca, where they were shown a jade boulder that weighed in excess of 300 tons. Other archeologists such as François Gendron of France and Dr. Richard Mandell of the University of South Carolina began unearthing more samples of jadeite in the region. Gendron discovered a jadeite sample with a composition suggesting it was formed 80 to 90 km underground, much more than the expected 20 km, around which jadeite is usually known to form.</p><br>
<p>Col de la Colombière  is a mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Haute-Savoie in France.</p><br>
<p>It connects Cluses in the Arve valley with Le Grand-Bornand in the Bourne valley. The road then leads further to Annecy or over Col des Aravis to the Arly valley and is situated between the Massif des Bornes to the north-west and the Chaîne des Aravis to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>The pass is not an important traffic route because there are better roads that parallel it, particularly the A40 autoroute.</p><br>
<h2>Details of climb</h2><br>
<p>Although the pass is not very high, it is technically difficult for cyclists.</p><br>
<p>Starting from Scionzier, the climb is 16.3 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1108 m (an average percentage of 6.8%). The steepest section is 10.2% near the summit. From Le Grand-Bornand, the Col de la Colombière is 11.7 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 690 m (an average percentage of 5.9%).</p><br>
<p>On May 31, 2015, USA Secretary of State John Kerry broke his leg near the start of the climb in Scionzier.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The pass was first included in the Tour de France in 1960 and has since featured 21 times, most recently in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Du Quoin State Fairgrounds are located in the city of Du Quoin in Perry County, Illinois, United States. The fairgrounds are located along USA Route 51 north of Illinois Route 14. The facilities include the DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Racetrack, an oval track that has hosted AAA, USAC and ARCA races since 1948. The fairgrounds are also home to a horse racing track which hosted the Hambletonian Stakes from 1957 to 1980 and the World Trotting Derby from 1981 to 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Du Quoin State Fairgrounds opened in 1923 under the leadership of horse breeder William R. Hayes. Hayes created the DuQuoin State Fair as a parallel event to the Illinois State Fair, which had banned gambling on horse races. To avoid competing for visitors, the Du Quoin State Fair began immediately after the Illinois State Fair closed; the Du Quoin fair traditionally ran through Labor Day weekend. The event was a financial success which attracted prominent entertainers and groups, many of whom also played the Illinois State Fair; the fair consequently became known as Illinois&#39; "little State Fair" or "second State Fair".</p><br>
<p>Du Quoin State Fairgrounds has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 1990. It is one of Perry County&#39;s two Registered Historic Places; the other, in Pinckneyville, is the Perry County Jail, now a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Perry County Jail, also known as the Perry County Jail Museum, is a history museum and historic jail in Pinckneyville, Illinois. Built in 1871, the jail was the second county jail used by Perry County. The countys first jail was built in 1833-34 and was demolished to make room for the new jail. The brick jail was built by contractor E. Hough of Indianapolis for $14,150. The county sheriffs residence was attached to the jail, an arrangement which allowed the sheriff to oversee the jail at all times. The county used the jail until 1987, when a newer jail was built. The building housed county offices until 1993, when the Perry County Historical Society leased the building for a museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000. It is one of two properties in Perry County on the National Register, along with the Du Quoin State Fairgrounds in Du Quoin.</p><br>
<p>Col du Granon  is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Hautes-Alpes in France. A narrow tarmac road winds steeply up the southern approach. Gravel roads continue beyond the pass, in a military training zone.It hosted the highest ever mountain-top stage finish in the Tour de France—once only—in 1986, until the 2011 Tour de France, that had a finish in the Col du Galibier, at 2,645 m of altitude. Eduardo Chozas of Spain won the stage after a long lone breakaway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Two roads lead to the pass at 2,645 m. The D234T climbs 11.5 km with a 9% average gradient from Saint-Chaffrey at an altitude of 1,364 m. From the east a dirt road to the military pass at Val-des-Prés climbs 15.3 km at almost 7% gradient.</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France - first rider to the top</h2><br>
<p>The Voorhies Castle is a Victorian home located in Voorhies, a small community 4 mi south of Bement in Piatt County, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nels Larson, a Swedish immigrant who at one point controlled all the land in Voorhies, commissioned the house for himself in 1900; construction was completed in 1904. The two-story house was designed to resemble a Swedish palatial manor, and its name comes from its castle-like appearance; while its design resembles Queen Anne architecture, its symmetrical plan distinguishes it from the style. Its unusual appearance made it a local attraction which drew visitors from throughout central Illinois. After his wife Johannah&#39;s death in 1914, Larson abandoned his castle, which sat empty until the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The houses southern corners feature round turrets, each with a conical roof and a finial. While the turrets were originally a story taller than the house to provide views of the surrounding area, Larson later had them lowered for aesthetic reasons. The main entrance to the house, located between the turrets, features a portico with Doric columns and a balustrade along the second-story porch roof. The second story of the house is sided with scalloped wooden shingles, a Queen Anne-inspired element which contrasts with the roof shingles. In addition to the turrets, the roof includes both gabled and hipped sections and dormers, which is typical of Queen Anne works. Decorative iron pieces top the roofs various ridges, and Swedish-styled lightning rods are located in several places.</p><br>
<p>Larson also built a clock tower barn on his property in 1905. The clock tower stood 68 ft tall and included a Seth Thomas clockworks, which the company considered "the finest they could make". The tower&#39;s brass bell could reportedly be heard up to 5 mi away. A tornado destroyed the barn in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>City and Town Hall is located in downtown Rochelle, Ogle County, Illinois, United States. The City and Town Hall operates as the township history museum, holding a number of static displays on local history. Historically it served as the headquarters for city and township government as well as holding the offices of numerous state, local and national entities. The building was erected in 1884 following an 18-year disagreement about the structure&#39;s cost between the city of Rochelle and Flagg Township.</p><br>
<p>The two-story Italianate structure features several decorative elements and an 1863 Civil War cannon on its lawn. City and Town Hall has been listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places since 1992. The structure was designed by Bradley and Son, a Rockford firm, with input from a Rochelle alderman. In 1968 the building was saved from demolition upon the founding of the Flagg Township Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The building currently houses the historical societys Flagg Township Museum, with artifacts and exhibits about the areas history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though the City and Town Halls construction occurred in 1884, its history began 18 years earlier, in 1866. That year, the Flagg Township levied a township tax totaling US$3,000 for the purpose of constructing a township building. The project was to be a joint venture between Flagg Township and the city of Rochelle; the city was to provide an additional $3,000 to finance construction. Disagreements over the project eventually led to the city of Rochelles refusal to pay its share and, thus, construction was delayed indefinitely. The city specifically objected to the cost of the structure the township wanted. In 1869 the township purchased two more lots adjacent the future site of City and Town Hall; the total cost for the two lots was $2,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the city of Rochelle and the Flagg Township came to an agreement and cooperated to erect the City and Town Hall. John R. Steele, a local contractor, was hired to construct the building from local, red brick at a cost of $6,200. The building became the center for city politics in the small northern Illinois city of Rochelle and the city council made important decisions within its walls regarding the city throughout the last decades of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Some of the early decisions regarded city sidewalks and, in 1888, the creation of a fire district. Many meetings regarding the fire district and its boundaries were held at the City and Town Hall. Other early issues were the local liquor and saloon ordinance and the card playing and gambling ordinance. Election day in Rochelle and official polling places were established in 1885, both decisions were made within the walls of the City and Town Hall. In 1893 a lighting system for Rochelle&#39;s Washington Street was decided upon in the building. Local Civil War veterans had an 1863 Civil War cannon and 20 cannon balls placed in front of the City and Town Hall in 1899. The pyramid-shaped stack of cannonballs are no longer extant but the cannon remains on the corner of the lot.</p><br>
<p>From 1884 to 1968 both the city of Rochelle and Flagg Township used the building for its intended function. The Rochelle City Council chambers were located in the building for the entire period 1884-1968, as were the township meeting room and township board room. Other city and township offices were located in the building during that time span as well, of those the city clerks, the town clerks, the township supervisors and the city managers office occupied space in the building for the entire period spanning the years 1884-1968. The building also housed a "court room" during that period.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 the Flagg Township Historical Society took over the property. Under the direction of the historical society&#39;s founder, Franklin Kruger, the building was saved from demolition; a project which resulted in the foundation of the historical society. The building is currently being used as the Flagg Township Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is cast in the Italianate style and was designed by Bradley and Son of Rockford, Illinois. The buildings design was based on a sketch by Rochelle alderman Sam J. Parker. The two-story rectangular building is constructed from soft, red local bricks. All four elevations have decorative metal brackets and a brick entablature with dentils beneath the metal eaves. Each of the exterior corners of the building are adorned with white brick quoins. The City and Town Halls original hip roof was metal, it has since been replaced with asphalt roofing materials.</p><br>
<p>The first floors north facade is adorned with two double-hung windows with projecting segmented arch crowns and stone sills. Also on the north facade is the original main public entry door and an arched transom window. The window and door treatments throughout the exterior are similar to those found on the first floors north facade. The fire station doors, which were replaced after the fire station first moved from the building in 1931 and again in 1954, were eventually restored.</p><br>
<p>On the rear (south) facade is an attached one story structure that housed the mens jail cells. On its west facade the original steel and wood door is still extant and on its south facade there are three windows complete with metal bars. All of the jail buildings windows and doors feature arched brick crowns, a theme repeating from the two-story portion of the structure. While the brick entablature and dentil work both reflect the main two-story building, the jail building lacks the overhanging eaves and brackets. The rear elevation of the main building has one second floor window.</p><br>
<p>The original first floor layout contained room for the police station, fire station and, in 1891, the library. The building&#39;s vault was, and is, located near-center of the first floor. The original fire station occupied the entire east half of the building. At the rear (south) elevation is a one story attached structure with its own entrance. It housed the jail cells in the original building and two cells are still intact. The entire second floor in the original 1884 floor plan was occupied by a meeting room save space for two small closets and the stairwell.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The City and Town Hall is most significant for its use as a public, governmental building. The period of greatest significance for the City and Town Hall is 1885-1942, between those years the building housed numerous governmental and political entities, at the local, state and national levels. Besides serving as the Rochelle City Council chambers from 1884 to 1968, the building housed many entities including: the fire station (1884–1930), police station and jail (1884–1931), township board and meeting rooms (1884–1968), and the library (1891–1912). Offices in the building have been utilized by a mayor, a federal marshal, a driver&#39;s license examining facility, a Social Security office, the Works Progress Administration office, probation officers and the unemployment office, among others.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Illinois Historic Sites Survey Inventory cited the building for its significance in two areas, architecture and education. The May 1972 survey form stated that its use as a public building from 1884 to 1970 and its current use as a museum justified its significance in these areas.</p><br>
<p>The North State Street Historic District is a nationally designated historic district in Monticello, Piatt County, Illinois. The residential district is centered on State Street north of downtown Monticello; it includes 77 buildings, 56 of which are considered contributing to its historic character. The houses in the district represent the variety of architectural styles seen in Monticello from 1870 to 1948, the ages of the oldest and newest houses. The oldest houses in the district are designed in the Gothic Revival and Queen Anne styles. In the early 20th century, Monticello experienced an economic boom due to growth in agriculture and the local patent medicine industry; its newly wealthy residents built homes on State Street, which became known locally as "Millionaires Row". The majority of these new homes had Colonial Revival designs, as the style was nationally popular at the time; Colonial Revival is still the districts predominant architectural style. Other designs featured in the district include Craftsman, Tudor Revival, and a Lustron house built in 1948. The district also includes several vernacular house types, such as the I-house and the bungalow.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The South Charter Street Historic District is a nationally designated historic district in Monticello, Piatt County, Illinois. The residential historic district includes all of South Charter Street from Marion Street to Sage Drive; it contains 73 buildings, 59 of which are considered contributing to its historic character. The houses display a variety of architectural styles and vernacular designs popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Part of South Charter Street formed one of the first two areas, known as the Out Lots, to be developed outside of Monticellos original town plat. The remainder came from a section known as Mary J. Piatts South Addition, which adjoined the southern Out Lot and was platted in 1858. By 1875, the Out Lots section of South Charter Street had been developed, but the section in the addition was still largely empty. From 1870 onward, the district was settled by new residents of Monticello; many of them came from Ohio, particularly Pickaway County. These residents and their families tended to occupy their new houses for a long time; in one case, the Coleman family and the McIntosh family occupied the house at 404 South Charter for a combined 130 years.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Nine architectural styles and several vernacular designs are represented within the district. The Gothic Revival style was the first used in the district. Later in the 19th century, Italianate and Queen Anne homes</p><br>
<p>were built during periods of national popularity for the styles. The turn of the century saw several revival styles grow in popularity; the Colonial Revival, Georgian Revival, Classical Revival, Dutch Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival styles were all used in the district during this period. In addition, several American Craftsman style homes were built in the district in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Gabled Ell plan, which became popular following the Civil War, is the most common vernacular type in the district; it features an asymmetrical "L" or "T" shaped plan with a gable roof. Around the 1890s, I-houses and a pyramidal cottage house were built; the former is a two-story plan popular in the rural Midwest at the time, while the latter is a typical Southern design with a distinctive pyramidal hip roof. The bungalow and Foursquare types became popular in the district in the early 20th century, often in conjunction with American Craftsman elements.</p><br>
<p>The river Kongeå  defines the border between Northern and Southern Jutland in Jutland in Denmark. It rises southeast of Vejen and Vamdrup and after about 50 km flows into the North Sea north of Ribe.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages it was called Skodborg Å after the royal castle Skodborghus that was at a crossing south of Vejen. For centuries, there was a customs border near Kongeå that separated the Kingdom of Denmark from the duchy of Schleswig. From 1864 to 1920 it was (except for near the North Sea) the border between Denmark and Germany.</p><br>
<p>The Kongeå is mentioned (as "Skotborg river") in the Heimskringla in a description of when King Magnus I of Norway and Denmark defeated at Lyrskov Hede (Hlyrskog Heath) in 1043 a big invasion of Slavs from what is now Mecklenburg and around, who had invaded south Denmark in retaliation for a Viking attack on Jomsborg, which at the time was a Slav kingdom&#39;s main town on Wolin island.</p><br>
<p>Barry Historic District is a historic district comprising the commercial and older residential areas of Barry, Pike County, Illinois. Barry was founded as an agricultural community in the 1830s, and most of its development took place between its founding and the Civil War. The citys commercial core, however, was mainly built in 1894 after a fire destroyed most of the existing commercial buildings. The 1894 buildings are well-preserved examples of typical commercial architecture of the period, and several have metal storefronts. The district also includes Barrys "Diamond Hill" residential district on Mortimer Street east of Brown Street and several other residential sections. Prominent architectural styles in the residential areas include Italianate, Queen Anne, Carpenter Gothic, and vernacular types from the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Griggsville Historic District is a historic district comprising the oldest sections of the city of Griggsville, Pike County, Illinois. The district encompasses Griggsville&#39;s commercial center and two of its residential areas. Development began in the commercial center in the 1830s; however, most of its significant buildings were built between 1850 and 1880. These buildings are mainly two-story brick structures, and several have Italianate influences. The southern residential area also has a heavy Italianate influence, as most of the homes there are designed in the style. The northwest residential area includes a variety of architectural styles and has a more rural character.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 1979.</p><br>
